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  • Articles  (35)
  • Wiley  (35)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (35)
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  • Articles  (35)
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  • 1
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    Using noble gas tracers to constrain a groundwater flow model with recharge elevations: A novel approach for mountainous terrain (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-17
    Description: ABSTRACT Environmental tracers provide information on groundwater age, recharge conditions, and flow processes which can be helpful for evaluating groundwater sustainability and vulnerability. Dissolved noble gas data have proven particularly useful in mountainous terrain because they can be used to determine recharge elevation. However, tracer-derived recharge elevations have not been utilized as calibration targets for numerical groundwater flow models. Herein we constrain and calibrate a regional groundwater flow model with noble-gas-derived recharge elevations for the first time. Tritium and noble gas tracer results improved the site conceptual model by identifying a previously uncertain contribution of mountain-block recharge from the Coast Mountains to an alluvial coastal aquifer in humid southwestern British Columbia. The revised conceptual model was integrated into a three-dimensional numerical groundwater flow model and calibrated to hydraulic head data in addition to recharge elevations estimated from noble gas recharge temperatures. Recharge elevations proved to be imperative for constraining hydraulic conductivity, recharge location and bedrock geometry, and thus minimizing model non-uniqueness. Results indicate that 45% of recharge to the aquifer is mountain-block recharge. A similar match between measured and modeled heads was achieved in a second numerical model that excludes the mountain block (no mountain block recharge), demonstrating that hydraulic head data alone are incapable of quantifying mountain block recharge. This result has significant implications for understanding and managing source water protection in recharge areas, potential effects of climate change, the overall water budget, and ultimately ensuring groundwater sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    The morphology of streams restored for market and nonmarket purposes: Insights from a mixed natural-social science approach (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-03
    Description: We use geomorphic surveys to quantify the differences between restored and non-restored streams, and the difference between streams restored for market purposes (compensatory mitigation) from those restored for non-market programs. We also analyze the social and political-economic drivers of the stream restoration and mitigation industry using analysis of policy documents and interviews with key personnel including regulators, mitigation bankers, stream designers, and scientists. Restored streams are typically wider and geomorphically more homogenous than non-restored streams. Streams restored for the mitigation market are typically headwater streams and part of a large, complex of long restored main channels and many restored tributaries; streams restored for non-market purposes are typically shorter and consist of the main channel only. Interviews reveal that designers integrate many influences including economic and regulatory constraints, but traditions of practice have a large influence as well. Thus, social forces shape the morphology of restored streams. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Water quality changes in the world's first special economic zone, Shenzhen, China (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-16
    Description: Shenzhen, as the first special economic zone in the world, has been in the process of rapid urbanization for 30 years. Many special economic zones have been established in China and other nations following Shenzhen's experience. However, Shenzhen has attained significant economic development with an attendant cost of environmental degradation, and similar results may be seen in other zones in the future. Here we use a pollution index method to evaluate the effect of such rapid urban development on the surface water quality in Shenzhen from 1991 to 2008. Rapid urbanization has affected surface water quality, but environmental policies can mitigate some of these effects, although such policy-induced improvements required some time before showing efficacy. As their use of special economic zones proliferates worldwide, greater consideration of the potential effects on water quality, and their overall sustainability, must receive greater attention.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Influence of antecedent soil moisture on hydraulic conductivity in a series of texture-contrast soils (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-28
    Description: Antecedent soil moisture significantly influenced the hydraulic conductivity of the A1, A2e and B21 horizons in a series of strong texture-contrast soils. Tension infiltration at six supply potentials demonstrated that in the A1 horizon, hydraulic conductivity was significantly lower in the ‘wet’ treatment than in the ‘dry’ treatment. However in the A2e horizon, micropore and mesopore hydraulic conductivity was lower in the ‘dry’ treatment than the ‘wet’ treatment, which was attributed to the precipitation of soluble amorphous silica. In the B21 horizon, desiccation of vertic clays resulted in the formation of shrinkage cracks which significantly increased near saturated hydraulic conductivity and prevented the development of subsurface lateral flow in the ‘dry’ treatment. In the ‘wet’ treatment, the difference between the hydraulic conductivity of the A1 and B21 horizons was reduced, however lateral flow still occurred in the A1 horizon due to difficulty displacing existing soil water further down the soil profile. Results demonstrate the need to account for temporal variation in soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity in soil-water model conceptualisation and parameterisation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Climate and direct human contributions to changes in mean annual streamflow in the South Atlantic, U.S. (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-20
    Description: Streamflow responds to changing climate patterns as well as human modifications within a basin. Understanding the contribution of these different drivers to changes in streamflow provides important information regarding how to effectively and efficiently address and anticipate changes in water availability. We used Budyko curves to ascribe changes in streamflow due to climate and human factors between two time periods in both natural and human modified basins in the South Atlantic, US. We extended the analysis to look at the consistency of climate and human alterations in 5-yr increments within those time periods. Budyko curves were calculated for each watershed to describe the average climate control on a watershed given its land cover during the period 1934-1969. We then assessed how climate and human factors contributed to altering streamflow during the period 1970-2005. We found climate contributed to increased streamflow (average of 14%) in the South Atlantic since the 1970's. Human factors varied between basins and either amplified or minimized the effect of climate on streamflow. Human impacts were equivalent to, or greater than, climate impacts in 27% of our basins. The 5-yr increments showed greater variability in climate, compared to human, contributions to streamflow change through time. Ordinations showed reservoir storage and population size negatively correlated with streamflow change, while the extent of agricultural land within basins positively correlated with streamflow change. Differentiating between the distinct effects that climate and human impacts have on streamflow is increasingly necessary for managing water resources under dynamic climate and human population scenarios.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Influence of climate, water content and leaching on seasonal variations in potential water repellence (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-30
    Description: Seasonal variation in potential water repellence has not been widely reported in the literature, and little is known of the processes which contribute to changes in potential water repellence. In this study the severity and stability of potential water repellence varied seasonally from being weakly hydrophobic in July 2009, water drop penetration time (WDPT) 0.19 minutes, water entry potential (WEP) 0.0 cm to severely hydrophobic, WDPT 54 minutes, WEP 14.3 cm, in May 2009. Seasonal variation in the stability of potential water repellence was significantly correlated with cumulative rainfall, air temperature and soil water deficit, which indicated that accumulation of water repellent compounds, presumably polar waxes, resulted from microbial or plant inputs to the soil. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that saturating and mixing the soil resulted in a two to three order of magnitude reduction in the stability of potential water repellence, even after oven drying at 40 °C and 60 °C. Repeated leaching resulted in sequential reduction in both the stability and severity of water repellence. The correlation between leachate DOC and water repellence, and presence of organic staining of ped faces and macropores in the subsoil indicated that seasonal rainfall leached soluble water repellent compounds from the topsoil. Re-establishment of water repellence after saturation and leaching required the input of new water repellent compounds. These findings suggest that use of surfactants prior to sowing may leach water repellent compounds from the topsoil allowing improved infiltration and reduced runoff through the remainder of the cropping season. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    Optimizing the scale of markets for water quality trading (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-23
    Description: Applying market approaches to environmental regulations requires establishing a spatial scale for trading. Spatially large markets usually increase opportunities for abatement cost savings but increase the potential for pollution damages (hotspots); vice-versa for spatially small markets. We develop a coupled hydrologic-economic modeling approach for application to point source emissions trading by a large number of sources, and apply this approach to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) within the watershed of the second largest estuary in the U.S. We consider two different administrative structures that govern the trade of emission permits: one-for-one trading (the number of permits required for each unit of emission is the same for every WWTP) and trading ratios (the number of permits required for each unit of emissions varies across WWTP). Results show that water quality regulators should allow trading to occur at the river basin scale as an appropriate first-step policy, as is being done in a limited number of cases via compliance associations. Larger spatial scales may be needed under conditions of increased abatement costs. The optimal scale of the market is generally the same regardless of whether one-for-one trading or trading ratios are employed.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Generation, transport, and disposal of wastewater associated with Marcellus Shale gas development (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: ABSTRACT Hydraulic fracturing has made vast quantities of natural gas from shale available, reshaping the energy landscape of the United States (US). Extracting shale gas, however, generates large, unavoidable volumes of wastewater, which to date lacks accurate quantification. For the Marcellus shale, by far the largest shale gas resource in the US, we quantify gas and wastewater production using data from 2,189 wells located throughout Pennsylvania. Contrary to current perceptions, Marcellus wells produce significantly less wastewater per unit gas recovered (˜35%) compared to conventional natural gas wells. Further, well operators classified only 32.3% of wastewater from Marcellus wells as flowback from hydraulic fracturing; most wastewater was classified as brine, generated over multiple years. Despite producing less wastewater per unit gas, developing the Marcellus shale has increased the total wastewater generated in the region by ˜570% since 2004, overwhelming current wastewater disposal infrastructure capacity.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Critical Evaluation of How the Rosgen Classification and Associated "Natural Channel Design" Methods Fail to Integrate and Quantify Fluvial Processes and Channel Response (2007)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-01
    Print ISSN: 1093-474X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-1688
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 10
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    Influence of climate, water content and leaching on seasonal variations in potential water repellence (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: Seasonal variation in potential water repellence has not been widely reported in the literature, and little is known of the processes that cause changes in potential water repellence. In this study, the severity and stability of potential water repellence varied seasonally from being weakly hydrophobic in July 2009 (water drop penetration time, 0.19 min; water entry potential, 0.0cm) to severely hydrophobic (water drop penetration time, 54 min; water entry potential, 14.3cm) in May 2009. Seasonal variation in the stability of potential water repellence was significantly correlated with cumulative rainfall, air temperature and soil water deficit, which indicated that the accumulation of water-repellent compounds, presumably polar waxes, resulted from microbial or plant inputs to the soil. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that saturating and mixing the soil resulted in a two to three order of magnitude reduction in the stability of potential water repellence, even after oven drying at 40°C and 60°C. Repeated leaching resulted in sequential reduction in both the stability and severity of water repellence. The significant correlation between soil water repellence and dissolved organic carbon content of the leachate, together with pedological evidence of organic staining of ped faces in the clay subsoil indicate that seasonal rainfall leached soluble water-repellent compounds from the topsoil. The reestablishment of water repellence after saturation and leaching required the input of new water-repellent compounds. These findings suggest that the use of surfactants before sowing may assist to leach water-repellent compounds from the topsoil, allowing improved infiltration and reduced runoff through the remainder of the cropping season. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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