ALBERT

Description: Emissions of volcanoes and their depositions do have an immediate impact on their surrounding environment. In the present study, emissions and depositions of the active volcanic and geothermal system Vulcano (Italy) were investigated by active moss biomonitoring (Fig. 1) in the spring of 2012. Sphagnum moss bags were exposed for periods of 3 days, 3, 6 and 9 weeks. Soil and rainwater samples as well as meteorological data were also collected. After exposure, mosses were oven-dried, grinded and each sample was extracted either in deionized water or HNO3 (with H2O2). Extraction solutions were analyzed by ICP-MS for total concentrations of Li, Mg, Sr, Ba, Cr, Mn, S, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, W, Tl, As, Sb, Bi, I, and Se. Soil and rain water samples were analyzed for the same trace elements. For elements such as As and Tl, deionized water extracts showed comparable concentrations to HNO3 extracts, indicating either the absence of particles or the presence of water-soluble particles. Elements such as Pb, Ba, Se and Sr were only dissolved to about 10 % or less in deionized water, indicating a significant share of water-insoluble particle formation. Distribution patterns of emissions and depositions over the whole island of Vulcano allowed classifying all investigated elements into four groups based on their origin (Fig. 2). Lithium was found ubiquitously on the island thus likely is of either marine or geogenic origin (group a in Fig. 2). The elements Mg, Fe, Sr, Mn, Zn, Co, and W were found predominantly on the crater where bare soil was present, and were grouped as “soilborne elements” (group b). These elements are characterized by deposition close to their source of origin. Elements with higher concentrations at the fumarolic field were grouped according to their transport characteristics. The elements I, Se, Tl, Bi, Sb, As, and S were considered as true volatiles (group c) being found also further away from the fumarolic field than Pb, Cr, Mo, and Ba which were interpreted to be predominantly emitted as particles (group d). Moss-bag biomonitoring proved to be an effective tool for the study of emission and deposition processes in active volcanic areas which also allows a classification of elements accumulated on the moss by their origin and distribution patterns.

Description: Published

Description: Patras, Greece

Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi

Description: open

Description: The study area is a 130 km long fast spreading graben in Central Greece bordered by active faults. Its complex geodynamical setting includes the presence at depth of a subduction slab responsible for the recent (Quaternary) volcanic activity in the area which possibly represents the northward continuation of the South Aegean active volcanic arc. To the area belongs also the western termination of the North-Anatolian fault a tectonic lineament of regional importance. The high geothermal gradient of the area is evidenced by the presence of many thermal springs with temperatures from 19 to 82 °C, issuing along the normal faults bordering the graben. In the period 2004-2012 more than 60 gas and water samples have been collected and their chemical and isotopic analysis revealed a wide range of compositions. Going from west to east the gas composition changes (Fig. 1) from CH4- to CO2-dominated passing through mixed N2-CH4 and N2-CO2 compositions, while at the same time the He isotopic composition goes from typical crustal values (0.02 R/Ra) up to 0.87 R/Ra (corrected for air contamination), showing in the easternmost sites a small but significant mantle input (up to ~ 10%). Isotopic composition of CH4-C indicates a thermogenic origin for the CH4-rich samples (δ13C from -50 to -37 ‰) and hydrothermal origin for the remaining samples (〉 -25‰). Positive δ15N values (around +2 ‰) indicate a contribution of crustal derived nitrogen for the N2-rich samples. The most pristine values of δ13C(CO2) refer to the most CO2-rich samples. These values (~ -3 ‰) point to a mixed mantle-marine carbonate source. Lower δ13C values (-10 ÷ -5 ‰) of the other sites can be explained by loss of CO2 due to dissolution processes. Also temperature and salinity of the waters shows differences along the graben increasing from west to east (Fig. 2). Two main groups can be separated on the basis of the total dissolved salts (TDS). The first, represented by dilute waters (TDS 〈 500 mg/l), is found in the westernmost sites characterised by the presence of CH4-rich and mixed N2-CH4 gases. The remaining waters display higher salinities (TDS from 9 to 35 g/l) due to the mixing with high salinity waters. The water composition can be explained by mixing of two end-members, one with low salinity of meteoric origin and the other with high salinity of marine origin. The mixing can be evidenced in Fig. 2. Low salinity waters show low chloride contents and their light water isotope composition overlaps the field of the cold groundwaters of the area confirming their meteoric origin. High salinity waters are aligned along the mixing line between the cold groundwaters and the seawater confirming the contribution of marine component. Most of the water compositions in the triangular graph of Giggenbach fall in the field of the non equilibrated waters being therefore unsuitable for geothermometric estimations. Only the easternmost sites (Gialtra, Ilion and Edipsos) falling the field of the partially equilibrated waters yield estimated temperatures in the range 150-170 °C. Silica geothermometers confirm these estimations. This study revealed that the complex geodynamic setting of the area is clearly reflected in the wide compositional range of the gases collected in the area that evidence contributions from different end-members (atmosphere, crust, mantle and hydrothermal systems). Water chemistry can be explained mainly from the mixing of a meteoric low-salinity end-member with a high-salinity marine end-member partially modified by hydrothermal water-rock interactions. The highest estimated temperatures in the hydrothermal reservoirs are in the range 150-170 °C.

Description: Published

Description: Patras, Greece

Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi

Description: open