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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubilization in nonionic reverse micelles in carbon dioxide (1994)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 543-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Phase behavior data and FTIR spectra along with solubilities and solvatochromic shifts of ionic indicator dyes are reported for binary, ternary and quaternary systems composed of pentaethylene glycol n-octyl ether (C8E5), CO2, water, and n-pentanol as a function of temperature, pressure and composition. With the addition of n-pentanol as a cosurfactant, the water to surfactant ratio, W0, reaches values as high as 12. As water is added further, a surfactant-rich phase precipitates due to micellemicelle interactions. Ionic dyes are soluble at levels of 0.03 mM, far in excess of the negligible solubility in pure CO2.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690400315
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schwingungsspektroskopie in überkritischen fluiden Phasen: von der Analytik bis zur SynthesechemieIn diesem Aufsatz bezeichnet die Abkürzung sc stets den überkritischen Zustand, z.B. scCO2. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 107 (1995), S. 1409-1432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Analytische Chemie ; IR-Spektroskopie ; Photochemie ; Raman-Spektroskopie ; Überkritische Phasen ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Überkritische fluide Phasen werden in der Chemie in zunehmendem Maße eingesetzt. Ihr Anwendungsbereich reicht von der Extraktion und Chromatographie in der analytischen Chemie bis hin zu Lösungsmitteln für die präparative Chemie und zur Herstellung neuer Materialien. Das spektroskopische Verfolgen der Vorgänge ist in der Chemie von überkritischen Systemen wichtig, wobei die Schwingungsspektroskopie sich in diesem Zusammenhang als besonders nützlich erweist, da das Schwingungsspektrum einer Verbindung für gewöhnlich recht empfindlich auf Veränderungen der Umgebung reagiert. Deshalb sind Schwingungsspektren ausgezeichnete Sonden für die in der fluiden Phase herrschenden Bedingungen. In dieser Übersicht wird eine Vielzahl von Techniken und Meßzellen für die IR- und Raman-Spektroskopie in überkritischen fluiden Phasen beschrieben und versucht, die Bandbreite der Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in solchen Phasen deutlich zu machen. Die Beispiele umfassen die Verwendung überkritischen Xenons als spektroskopisch durchlässiges Lösungsmittel für chemische Reaktionen und für die Chromatographie mit überkritischen fluiden Phasen sowie FT-IR-Detektion der Analyten, die Raman-Spektroskopie als Sonde für in überkritischem CO2 gelöste Gase, dem Einfluß der Lösungsmitteldichte auf die Bildung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen in überkritischen fluiden Phasen und die Bildung inverser Micellen, das IR-spektroskopische Verfolgen der Imprägnierung oder Extraktion von Polymeren mit überkritischen fluiden Phasen und der Reaktionen von in Polymeren eingebrachten metallorganischen Verbindungen, die Reaktionen metallorganischer Verbindungen in überkritischen fluiden Phasen sowie schließlich die Verwendung von Miniatur-Durchflußreaktoren für die präparative Chemie im Labormaßstab. Alles in allem ist es unser Ziel, dem Leser eine Grundlage zu verschaffen, die es ihm ermöglicht zu beurteilen, ob solche Messungen erfolgreich auf sein eigenes spezielles Problem angewendet werden könnten.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19951071205
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibrational Spectroscopy in Supercritical Fluids: From Analysis and Hydrogen Bonding to Polymers and SynthesisThroughout this review the abbreviation sc is used to indicate the supercritical state, for example scCO2. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34 (1995), S. 1275-1295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: analytical chemistry ; IR spectroscopy ; photochemistry ; Raman spectroscopy ; supercritical fluids ; IR spectroscopy ; Photochemistry ; Raman spectroscopy ; Supercritical fluids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Supercritical fluids are beginning to be used widely in chemistry. Applications range from extraction and chromatography in analytical chemistry to solvents for reaction chemistry and preparation of new materials. Spectroscopic monitoring is important in much of supercritical chemistry, and vibrational spectroscopy is particularly useful in this context because the vibrational spectrum of a given molecule is usually quite sensitive to the environment of that molecule. Thus, vibrational spectra are excellent probes of conditions within the fluid. In this review, we describe a variety of techniques and cells for IR and Raman spectroscopy in supercritical fluids and illustrate the breadth of applications in supercritical fluids. The examples include: the use of supercritical Xe as a spectroscopically transparent solvent for chemistry and for supercritical fluid chromatography with FTIR detection of analytes; Raman spectroscopy as a monitor for gases dissolved in supercritical CO2; the effect of solvent density on hydrogen bonding in supercritical fluids and the formation of reverse micelles; IR as a monitor for the supercritical impregnation/extraction of polymers and the reactions of organometallic compounds impreganated into polymers; reactions of organometallic compounds in supercritical fluids; and finally, the use of miniature flow reactors for laboratory-scale preparative chemistry. Overall, our aim is to provide a starting point from which individual readers can judge whether such measurements might usefully be applied to their own particular problems.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199512751
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple cell for microscale capillary solution and supercritical fluid Raman spectroscopy (1993)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 24 (1993), S. 443-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A microscale capillary Raman solution flow cell has been developed utilizing conventional high-performance liquid chromatographic capillary tubing. This cell is suitable for both liquids and gases over a wide range of pressures. The introduction of a liquid flow along the capillary allows the collection of Raman spectra of intensely coloured and highly absorbing solutions, e.g. I2—CCl4, using 514.5 nm excitation. The application of this cell to the examination of supercritical fluids is demonstrated. The use of small cross-section capillary tubing (ca 10-5 cm2) allows high linear flow-rates to be maintained with comparatively small solution volumes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250240710
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  • 5
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    Supercritical carbon dioxide: putting the fizz into biomaterials (2005)
    The Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: This paper describes recent progress made in the use of high pressure or supercritical fluids to process polymers into three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds. Three current examples are highlighted: foaming of acrylates for use in cartilage tissue engineering; plasticization and encapsulation of bioactive species into biodegradable polyesters for bone tissue engineering; and a novel laser sintering process used to fabricate three-dimensional biodegradable polyester structures from particles prepared via a supercritical route.
    Print ISSN: 1364-503X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-2962
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics , Technology
    Published by The Royal Society
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