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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adhesion of lactobacilli to polymer surfaces in vivo and in vitro (1988)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 16 (1988), S. 241-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability of bacteria to attach to surfaces has been recognized as an important phenomenon, particularly for pathogenic organisms that utilize this capacity to initiate disease. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether indigenous urogenital bacteria, lactobacilli, colonized prosthetic devices in vivo and in vitro and attached to specific polymer surfaces in vitro. Polyethylene intrauterine devices (IUDs) in place for 2 years were removed from six women who were asymptomatic and free of signs of cervical or uterine infection. Lactobacilli were found attached to the IUDs, as determined by culture, and fluorescent antibody and acridine orange staining techniques. This demonstrated that bacterial biofilms consisting of indigenous bacteria can occur on prosthetic devices without inducing a symptomatic infection. In vitro studies were then undertaken with well-documented lactobacilli strainsL. acidophilus T-13,L. casei GR-1, GR-2, and RC-17, andL. fermentum A-60. These organisms were found to adhere to IUDs and urinary catheters within 24 hours. A quantitative assay was designed to examine the mechanisms of adhesion ofL. acidophilus T-13 to specific polymer surfaces that are commonly used as prosthetic devices. The lactobacilli adhered optimally to fluorinated ethylene propylene when 108 bacteria were incubated for 9 hours at 37°C in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.1. Additional experiments verified that the lactobacilli adhered to polyethyleneterephthalate, polystyrene, and sulfonated polystyrene and to silkolatex catheter material. There was a linear relationship found between polymer hydrophobicity and bacterial adherence. These results demonstrate that lactobacilli bind to various surfaces in vivo and in vitro, and that the nature of the substratum can affect the colonization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011698
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applications from bacterial adhesion and biofilm studies in relation to urogenital tissues and biomaterials: A review (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1994), S. 90-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacterial adhesion ; Applications ; Urogenital tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The urogenital tract, particularly of the adult female, is the habitat for many species of microorganisms. These populations are in a state of flux, are susceptible to disruption by antibiotics and spermicides, and are exposed to many different biomaterial substrata. Infections of the genital area and bladder are common, and are invariably initiated by microbial adhesion to surfaces. This review examines the actual and potential applications to industry and to patients emerging from the study of bacterial adhesion to surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01584104
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of culture media onLactobacillus hydrophobicity and electrophoretic mobility (1989)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 17 (1989), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrophobicity of six strains representing three species ofLactobacillus was measured using dextran-polyethylene glycol contact angle measurements. These ranged from 123.6° forLactobacillus casei douche to 26.2° forL. casei RC-17 under identical growth conditions. The results indicated that the nutritional environment affected bacterial hydrophobicity. Electrophoretic mobilities of the lactobacilli were also determined and found to be negative for all specimens, and to vary with growth media, especially when sugars were added to urine. The electrophoretic mobility histograms showed one main peak for all strains, exceptLactobacillus acidophilus T-13 which had two peaks, suggesting two morphological sizes or types within its population. In addition, strain T-13 was more positively charged than the other five strains after growth in agar, urine, and supplemented urine. The use of contact angle and electrophoretic mobility techniques allows examination of cell surface properties of lactobacilli that may have importance in the colonization of mucosal epithelia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02025590
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local and diffuse bacterial adherence on uroepithelial cells (1989)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 18 (1989), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The concept of local and diffuse adherence has been described for enteropathogenicEscherichia coli. In the present study, similar findings are reported for bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells from patients with acute urinary tract infection and following incubation in an in vitro adherence assay. A population of cells were seen with few or no bacteria attached; others had localized areas of adherent organisms, while some cells were heavily colonized in a diffuse manner. These patterns were noted in vitro for anEscherichia coli strain and aLactobacillus casei strain, which possess different adhesins, therefore indicating that the adherence patterns were probably due to epithelial cell differences. The light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations illustrate that bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells occurs in localized and diffuse distributions. The results indicate that there are differences in uroepithelial cell receptivity for bacterial attachment. The availability of cells receptive to uropathogens and indigenous flora, such as lactobacilli, is probably one of several factors that influence the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01570831
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the spermicidal compound nonoxynol-9 on the growth and adhesion of urogenital bacteria in vitro (1990)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 21 (1990), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lactobacilli and uropathogenic bacteria isolated from the female urogenital tract were tested for their susceptibility to nonoxynol-9. Nonoxynol-9 is a spermicidal compound, generally used at a concentration of 5% in cream and 12.5% in foam. The growth of 67% of fresh, vaginal lactobacillus isolates was inhibited by concentrations of nonoxynol-9 between 0.1% and 1.0%; these were termed sensitive. Of a total of 47 lactobacilli from various sources, 55% were found to be sensitive to nonoxynol-9, being bacteriostatic for 42% of these isolates and bactericidal for the remaining 58% at N-9 concentrations ⩾1.0%. The remaining lactobacilli and 96% (48/50) of uropathogenic organisms had minimal inhibitory concentrations of ⩾25% for nonoxynol-9. Inhibition of the lactobacilli did not appear to be species specific nor related to the source of the lactobacilli. The adhesion of Gram-positive bacteria, namely lactobacilli and enterococci, to HeLa cells in tissue culture was significantly increased over 60 min in the presence of physiologically used concentrations of nonoxynol-9; however, adhesion ofEscherichia coli was not affected. We believe that nonoxynol-9 has the potential to increase susceptibility to urinary tract infection in women using spermicidal preparations for contraception by inhibiting the growth of lactobacilli, which are believed to have a protective function in the vagina, and allowing overgrowth of uropathogenic bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02092159
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a freeze substitution technique to examine the structure ofLactobacillus casei GR-1 grown in agar and under batch and chemostat culture conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 17 (1988), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A morphological examination was undertaken ofLactobacillus casei GR-1 by a freeze substitution technique developed to prevent condensation upon fixation and to preserve extracellular material surrounding the cell wall. The strain was cultured for 24 h in 5% CO2 at 37°C initially in brain heart infusion agar supplemented with 2% yeast extract, and the cells formed a short, electron-dense, tightly bound capsule observed under electron microscopy. The cell wall structure was resolved in most cases. Batch cultures were then established by use of pooled human urine with and without addition of lactose and glucose. Examination of the bacteria demonstrated less compact, but more fibrous extracellular material surrounding the cells in a less uniform fashion. The lactobacilli were then grown under nitrogen-and carbonlimited conditions in a chemostat continuous culture system. The nitrogen-limited cells formed a tightly bound, uniform, and electron-dense capsule, while the capsule of the carbon-limited cells appeared longer, more fibrous, but less electron dense in nature. The results indicate that nutrient conditions affect the morphology of lactobacillus and verify that the freeze substitution technique is a useful method to analyze the structure of bacterial cell surfaces. The importance of nutritional changes in the microbial ecology of the urogenital tract can be uncovered by examining these organisms with different culture techniques combined with freeze substitution and electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01573471
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of culture media and growth phase on the morphology of lactobacilli and on their ability to adhere to epithelial cells (1988)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 17 (1988), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that the ability of lactobacilli to attach to and colonize uroepithelial surfaces is an important characteristic that enhances interference against uropathogenic bacteria. This adherence capacity was found to vary amongst lactobacillus strains and with the type of growth medium used to culture the organisms. The present study was undertaken to examine further the effect of culture media and growth phase on lactobacillus adherence to uroepithelial cells in vitro. In addition, a freeze substitution technique was developed to examine the morphology of strainsLactobacillus casei ssrhamnosus RC-17,L. casei GR-1, andL. acidophilus T-13 in relation to growth conditions and adhesion. A growth curve was plotted for strain GR-1, and adherence was found to be lowest for bacteria in early log phase (39 bacteria per uroepithelial cell) and highest in stationary phase (59 bacteria per uroepithelial cell). Strains RC-17 and GR-1 attached in high numbers to uroepithelial cells, whereas T-13 was poorly adherent. The latter formed a long, relatively dense, fibrous capsule after growth in brain heart infusion yeast extract agar, unlike strains GR-1 and RC-17, which formed a short, tightly bound, electron-dense capsule which surrounded the cells in a radial fashion. Growth of RC-17 in batch cultures of human urine, with and without addition of carbohydrates, resulted in formation of an irregular, fibrous extracellular matrix. These experiments illustrate that growth phase and culture conditions affect the extracellular structure of lactobacilli and also affect the adherence capacity of these bacteria. Structural changes mediated by availability of nutrients may partly explain why lactobacilli vary between species and between hosts in their colonization of the urogenital tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01573472
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenesis of urinary tract infection in the elderly: the role of bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells (1984)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 11 (1984), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro adherence of nine strains of Gram-negative bacteria to uroepithelial cells from 24 women patients (〉65 years) was significantly higher than to cells from 24 premenopausal women (18–40 years). Uroepithelial cells from patients with a history of previous urinary tract infection (UTI) were marginally more receptive to attachment of uropathogens than cells from women without a history of UTI, but this was not statistically significant. Serum from four elderly women with asymptomatic bacteriuria was used to stabilize samples for electron-microscopic examination, which showed the presence of fibrous glycocalyx material surrounding the bacteria and attached to the uroepithelial cells. Eighty uropathogenic isolates from elderly and premenopausal women were found to express adhesins, to produce urease and hemolysins, and to ferment sucrose, salicin, and dulcitol. These results suggest that the increased receptivity of uroepithelial cells to bacterial attachment may be a predisposing factor in the onset of UTI in the hospitalized and domiciliary elderly population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567706
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial aggregation in sepsis (1990)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 20 (1990), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have provided evidence that bacterial aggregation occurs in disease processes. In the present report, an assay system was used to demonstrate bacterial aggregation and coaggregation in vitro. The results showed that uropathogens aggregated in urine and saline and formed aggregates attached to uroepithelial cells. The presence of fimbriae and O, K, and H antigens on the cell surface did not appear to correlate with aggregation. Additional studies related to intraabdominal sepsis showed aggregation of aBacteroides fragilis strain and coaggregation betweenBacteroides fragilis andEscherichia coli, suggestive of in vivo interaction. Electron microscopy demonstrated the various aggregation reactions and was particularly effective in showing type 1 fimbriatedEscherichia coli coaggregating with theBacteroides fragilis. The ability of organisms to aggregate and coaggregate appears to have potential significance in health and disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02091995
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coaggregation of urogenital bacteria in vitro and in vivo (1990)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 20 (1990), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The working hypotheses of the present study were that (1) bacterial coaggregates exist in the urogenital tract of healthy and infected women, and (2) coaggregation reactions can occur in vitro between members of the urogenital flora. Examination of urogenital specimens from 25 healthy women showed that lactobacilli were the dominant organisms colonizing the epithelia and coaggregating with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In vitro light and electron microscopic studies confirmed that members of the urogenital flora could coaggregate. An examination of specimens from 9 women with urinary tract infection showed the presence of autoaggregated uropathogens free-floating in the urine and attached to epithelial cells. The phenomenon of autoaggregation was also noted in vitro for various uropathogens, suggestive that this may represent a virulence factor. It is evident that bacterial cell-to-cell binding within a strain and among different genera occurs in the urogenital tract. Further studies of the mechanisms that maintain and disrupt these microbial interactions will help to improve our understanding of disease initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02094024
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