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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of salinity on the net uptake of zinc by the common mussel Mytilus edulis (1977)
    Springer
    Marine biology 41 (1977), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The net uptake of zinc by the common mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) has been investigated under different natural and artificial salinity stresses. The effects of stable and fluctuating salinities on the uptake of zinc by the mussel are discussed in terms of three possible modes of action. Under certain highly-stressful conditions, salinity may affect the uptake of zinc by the mussel. This factor should be considered when the mussel is used as an indicator of environmental pollution by zinc in estuarine areas, or spurious conclusions may result.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390584
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prey capture by Pisaster brevispinus (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) on soft substrate (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 48 (1978), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations on the subtidal seastar Pisaster brevispinus (Stimpson) indicate that this predator can extend the central tube feet into sand-mud substrate for a distance roughly equal to the radius of the seastar. Field and laboratory evidence demonstrates the use of the elongated tube feet by the asteroid for the capture of burrowed prey items. A relationship between predator size and the size of juveniles of the deep-burrowing clam Tresus nuttallii taken as prey is a product of the ability of larger seastars to extend the tube feet further into the substrate and capture deeper prey. The role of P. brevispinus as an important subtidal predator along the Pacific Coast of North America is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390534
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical mediation of invertebrate defensive behaviors and the ability to distinguish between foraging and inactive predators (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 49 (1978), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When the predatory sea star Pycnopodia helianthoides was placed upstream, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus responded defensively by extending and opening its globiferous pedicellariae. No pedicellaria response was given in control seawater or when the sea star was downstream. The snail Tegula funebralis responded by moving up vertical surfaces when Pycnopodia helianthoides or when Pisaster ochraceus were placed upstream. When these sea stars were introduced downstream, the snail's response was not significantly different from that in control seawater. Water collected from an aquarium containing a single sea star was sufficient to trigger the response of S. purpuratus and T. funebralis; the physical presence of the sea star was not essential. This indicated that a chemical stimulus was involved, and the lack of responses when sea stars were downstream argued strongly against the possible additional involvement of visual or vibrational stimuli. S. purpuratus gave stronger pedicellaria responses to water flowing over an active Pycnopodia helianthoides than to water flowing over the same sea star when it was inactive. The significance of the ability to distinguish between actively foraging and inactive predators is discussed, and a mechanism is proposed to explain differences in the amount of stimulatory chemicals released by active and inactive sea stars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391136
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life-history features of the marine intertidal limpet Notoacmea scutum (Gastropoda) in central California (1981)
    Springer
    Marine biology 64 (1981), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of individually marked specimens of Notoacmea scutum (Rathke) was followed for 15 months (April, 1978 to June, 1979) at a field site in central California, USA. Growth rates were highly seasonal, being highest from late spring through early summer and lowest during winter. Growth rate also varied significantly with intertidal height: limpets lower in the intertidal zone grew faster. Both relationships may have been related to the relative abundance of food or to the amount of time available for foraging. Recently settled limpets, which were present throughout the year, grew to approximately 17 mm in length by the end of their first year; by then, they had also reached the size at which mature gonads were consistently found (16 mm). Limpets were almost 26 mm long by the end of the second year. Substantial mortality occurred throughout the year, but it was particularly severe during winter, when a large portion of the reproductive population was lost. This pronounced winter mortality was probably not caused by invertebrate predators such as seastars. Most limpets at the study site were less than 2 yr old.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394085
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. II. Relationship of metals in the mussel to those discharged by industry (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 38 (1976), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper were determined in whole soft parts of the common mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) sampled in Port Phillip Bay and Western Port Bay, both in Victoria, Australia. The mussels were sampled according to procedures suggested by previous studies in order to eliminate the effects of natural environmental variables. Results of the analytical studies were compared to data on the quantities of trace metals known to be discharged by industry into the catchments of each Bay. This allowed an evaluation of the indicator ability of the mussel without the need for multiple analyses of water samples. The results suggest that the mussel is capable of acting as an efficient time-integrated indicator of zinc, cadmium and lead over a wide variety of environmental conditions. Although additional variables may remain to be investigated, the mussel is recommended as an alternative to the analysis of water and sediments. With further development this organism may also be useful for monitoring industrial effluent characteristics at the discharge site, allowing rapid, reliable and inexpensive control of water quality. In contrast, the mussel is of doubtful use as an indicator of copper; other indicator types such as macroalgae may be better-suited to the study of this element.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391487
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. I. Effects of environmental variables on uptake of metals (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 38 (1976), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The net uptake of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper by the common mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) exposed to different conditions was investigated with a view to using this species as an indicator of contamination of the marine environment by these metals. The variables studied were season, position of the mussel in the water column, water salinity, water temperature, and the simultaneous presence of all four metals. Each of these 5 variables affected the net uptake of some or all of the metals studied under some conditions. Seasonal variation in concentrations of zinc, cadmium and copper was found in samples collected at three separate locations. The relationship of seasonal variation to tissue weight and absorption route of the metals is discussed. Near to freshwater inputs of trace metals, the concentrations of zinc, cadmium and lead in mussels were found to vary according to the depth at which the mussels were collected; in summer when freshwater run-off is less, this effect was absent. Low salinities did not affect the net uptake of zinc by mussels, but increased the net uptake of cadmium and decreased that of lead. Low temperatures had no effect on the net uptake of zinc or lead; the net uptake of cadmium was unaffected by low temperatures at high salinities but was decreased by low temperatures at low salinities. The presence of the other metals had no effect on the individual net uptake of either zinc, cadmium or lead. A sampling programme was devised to eliminate the effects of these environmental variables and to allow the use of M. edulis as an indicator of zinc, cadmium and lead in marine and estuarine environments. In contrast to the other metals, the net uptake of copper by the mussel was extremely erratic, and was affected by salinity and temperature changes and by the presence of the other metals and changes in their relative concentrations. The effects of other metals on the net uptake of copper cannot be easily eliminated or allowed for; it is, therefore, suggested that the mussel should not be used as an indicator of copper in the marine environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391486
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of trace metals in Scandinavian waters. II. lead, iron and manganese (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 46 (1978), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of lead, iron and manganese in whole soft parts of mussels, Mytilus edulis (L.), collected from 54 locations in Scandinavian waters were determined. The indicator ability of the mussel for these metals was tested by considering local variations in concentrations of the three metals in relation to known industrial sources. A general agreement with previous published data was reached; the indicator ability of the mussel for lead and iron was supported over the entire range of salinity prevalent in the study area, whereas that for manganese appeared dubious, at least in low-salinity regions. Consideration of the overall profiles of metal contamination revealed similar trends to those previously reported for zinc and cadmium in mussels from the study area, at least for lead and iron. Thus, higher concentrations of lead and iron were found in mussels from low-salinity waters east of Sweden than in mussels from high-salinity waters west of Sweden. The decrease from the high-metal mussel samples to those with low metal concentrations was apparent in the areas of the Sound and Great Belt, coincident with the mixing of Baltic water with water of Kattegat/Skagerrak origin. Concentrations of manganese in mussels followed this trend only weakly, possibly due to the partial regulation of body loads of this element in M. edulis. The comparison of lead and iron concentrations in mussels with those reported for water suggested a greater biological availability of these metals in the low-salinity water masses east of Sweden. This availability difference may be related to the low primary productivity of these waters compared to the more typically marine waters to the west of Sweden. The comparison of the concentrations of lead and iron in mussels from the present study with those in mussels from other waters of the world showed Swedish coasts to be severely polluted by lead, particularly on the eastern seaboard; iron concentrations are also rather high in the Baltic samples, but decrease in the Sound and Great Belt to much lower levels, which are maintained in Kattegat and Skagerrak. The profiles for manganese reveal rather higher values in mussels from Scandinavian waters than in those from Britain or New Zealand; however, the uncertainty concerning the indicator ability of M. edulis for this element renders the implications of this obscure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391530
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of trace metals in Scandinavian waters. I. Zinc and cadmium (1977)
    Springer
    Marine biology 43 (1977), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of zinc and cadmium in whole soft parts of mussels, Mytilus edulis (L.), collected from 54 locations in Scandinavian waters were determined. Local variations in concentrations of the two metals found in samples taken close to industrial sources of zinc and cadmium confirmed the ability of the mussel to act as an accurate indicator of pollution by these metals over the entire range of salinities in which this species can exist. In addition, offshore samples remote from industrial discharges revealed higher concentrations of zinc and cadmium in mussels from lowsalinity areas (Gulf of Finland, Southern Bothnian Sea, Baltic proper) than in those from high-salinity areas (Kattegat, Eastern Skagerrak). Major decreases in metal concentrations present in the mussel were apparent in the regions of the Sound and the Great Belt, which are areas of rapid salinity change due to mixing of Baltic water with water from Kattegat. Comparison of these results with those reported for zinc and cadmium in water throughout the study area suggested the existence of a higher biological availability of these metals in regions of low salinity; possible reasons for this are discussed. Data from the present survey are also compared to those reported for mussels taken elsewhere. This comparison reveals the Baltic area to be considerably polluted by trace metals; in contrast, the waters of Kattegat and skagerrak are considered to be relatively unpolluted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396922
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flavonoids as plant signals to rhizosphere microbes (1992)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 1 (1992), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium ; Spore germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Certain flavonoids released from plants regulate activities of soil microbes at micromolar and nanomolar concentrations. Processes affected by these compounds include induction of nodulation gene transcription in rhizobial bacteria, promotion of chemotaxis in rhizobia, increase in growth rate of several bacterial species, and enhancement of Glomus spore germination and hyphal growth. Data on the amount and identity of flavonoids released from several crop plant species form a new basis for molecular genetic and ecological studies of the rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206136
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The significance of temperature, salinity and zinc as lethal factors for the mussel Mytilus edulis in a polluted estuary (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 68 (1982), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mussels, Mytilus edulis L., were subjected to high temperatures, low salinities and dissolved zinc in order to investigate possible environmental hazards of a discharge of heated effluent near Newport on the Yarra River estuary, Victoria, Australia. Exposure to zinc at 0.8 mg l-1 for 14 d in otherwise favourable conditions significantly increased mortality resulting from subsequent exposure to temperatures between 29° to 31°C for 24 h without added zinc. Mussels collected from water of temporarily lowered salinity (8‰–16‰ S) showed significantly lower thermal resistance than controls collected from marine salinities (35‰ S). Mussels taken from a marine environment and exposed to 10‰ S died at a rate which increased with temperature. Mussels acclimated for 14 d to combinations of 10°, 16° and 22°C and 22‰ and 35‰ S, and subsequently exposed to increased zinc concentrations accumulated zinc to levels which were independent of temperature and salinity. The zinc was lethal more quickly at 22°C and 35‰ S than at the lower temperatures and salinities. The modes of toxic action of the salinity, zinc and temperature factors are discussed and it is argued that zinc which has been found accumulated in mussels near Newport could be reducing their resistance to raised temperatures and perhaps other stresses, probably as a result of effects on lysosomal functioning. The evidence suggests that the heated effluent will accelerate any toxic effects of zinc or low salinities which occur near Newport and so poses a hazard in winter as well as in summer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397600
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