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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pine growth response to management of the subterranean clover understory (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; nitrogen fixation ; loblolly pine ; slash pine ; leaf tissue nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Management of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) understory grown with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) resulted in differences in both clover yield and pine diameter. Loblolly and slash pines were planted into a subterranean clover pasture in 1984. Suppression of warm season herbaceous vegetation by applying herbicides or disking the site in late summer resulted in significantly greater subterranean clover production than on the control site where no additional understory management was applied. Pine species had no effects on clover yield. The N content of the pine foliage on the blocks managed with herbicide application or disking generally was significantly greater than the control from the 5th through 7th growing seasons (1988–1990). The dbh of the pine trees in the disked and herbicide treatments was greater than the control after the 7th growing season (1990).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053144
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of carbofuran to soil isolates of Chlorella vulgaris, Nostoc linckia and N. muscorum (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 39 (1993), S. 644-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, and two diazotrophic cyanobacteria, Nostoc linckia and N. muscorum, all isolated from a rice soil, were compared for their response in terms of growth and metabolic activities to the application of carbofuran. The toxicity criteria included cell constituents (chlorophyll a, total protein, carbohydrate), 14CO2 uptake and nitrate reductase, besides nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) in the cyanobacteria. C. vulgaris and N. muscorum were more sensitive to carbofuran than was N. linckia. The significant toxicity of the insecticide, observed with higher concentrations of 20 and 50 μg ml−1, to nitrogenase activity in N. linckia was reversed by the addition of ATP at 10 μM. Transmission electron microscopy of the cultures, exposed to 50 μg carbofuran ml−1 showed certain cellular abnormalities, indicating interference of the insecticide with membrane properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00205068
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of phenol and three nitrophenols towards growth and metabolic activities ofNostoc linckia, isolated from soil (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 21 (1991), S. 578-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity of phenol and its nitrosubstituentso-nitrophenol (ONP),m-nitrophenol (MNP), andp-nitrophenol (PNP) was determined towards growth and metabolic activities of a diazotrophic cyanobacterium,Nostoc linckia, isolated from soil. Nitrophenols, but not phenol significantly inhibited the production of cell constituents (chlorophylla, protein and carbohydrate),14CO2 uptake and activities of nitrate reductase, nitrogenase, and glutamine synthetase. Growth of the organism under photoheterotrophic conditions (0.1% acetate) did not reduce the toxicity of nitrophenols. However, the addition of 10 μM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to MNP treatments reversed the toxicity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the secretion of mucous around the filament and induction of spore formation in the cultures subjected to nitrophenol toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01183881
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper toxicity to cyanobacteria and its dependence on extracellular ligand concentration and degradation (1985)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 11 (1985), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copper toxicity to the cyanobacteriumPlectonema boryanum (UTEX 594) has been investigated in the presence of citrate and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) using a copper-saturated culture medium. The coppercitrate complex was biodegradable, and toxicity was dependent on the free ligand concentration. The ratio of citrate to copper also affected the extent of metal toxicity. NTA was not degraded byP. boryanum. Ligand degradation in the cyanobacterial culture increased the ionic copper concentration and caused a concomitant reduction in growth. The ecological implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010486
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatigue crack growth of a corner crack in an attachment lug (1983)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 22 (1983), S. R59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00942727
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of phenolic compounds on growth and metabolic activities of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus bijugatus isolated from soil (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; Chlorella vulgaris ; chlorophylls 14CO2 uptake ; green algae ; nitrophenols ; phenol ; protein ; Scenedesmus bijugatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phenol and three nitrophenols (o-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenol), commonly occurring pollutants in natural eco-systems, were tested for their toxic effects on soil isolates of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus bijugatus, growing under phototrophic, photoheterotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. The toxicity criteria included cell number, chlorophyll, total protein and carbohydrate content, 14CO2 uptake and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Both C. vulgaris and S. bijugatus were sensitive to the pollutants when the cultures were grown under phototrophic or heterotrophic conditions. However, the toxicity was found reversed or alleviated upon photoheterotrophic growth of the cultures. Transmission electron microscope studies revealed various cytological abnormalities in C. vulgaris in the presence of phenolics at algistatic levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012803
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agroforestry in the interior highlands (1995)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 29 (1995), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: family farm ; research ; technology transfer ; income alternatives ; multidiscipline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The USDA Agricultural Research Service, headquartered at the South Central Family Farm Research Center, Booneville, Arkansas, recently initiated an agroforestry research program for the interior highlands and the southeastern United States. The purpose of the agroforestry program is to develop a research and technology transfer program in agroforestry that will provide additional alternative income opportunities for family farms of this region. The objectives of the program are: 1) to develop new information on the establishment, maintenance, and utilization of conifer and hardwood tree stands in open pastures, 2) to develop new knowledge in multiple-use management and their environmental impacts, and 3) to facilitate multidisciplinary networks and partnerships of farmers, technical specialists, scientists, and managers for accomplishing agroforestry research and technology transfer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704867
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cattle grazing and pine survival and growth in subterranean clover pasture (1990)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 10 (1990), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Agroforestry ; electric fence ; injury ; loblolly pine ; slash pine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract When combining pines and cattle on tame pasture, grazing is often delayed for several years until trees are large enough to resist injury. As an alternative approach to delayed or deferred grazing during the early years, this study in central Louisiana, USA, examined the effects of cattle grazing in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pastures on slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) seeding survival and growth during the first 3 years of tree establishment. Pines were planted at about 1200 trees/ha in 3 rows on 0.4-ha subclover units with 1.3 m spacing within rows. Three grazing treatments included: (1) ungrazed pines, (2) limited grazing with a single-wire electric fence above the planted pines, and (3) grazed pines. Thirty Brahman crossbred cows with calves and a bull grazed the tame pasture on a controlled grazing, rotational basis from December through May each year, during the subterranean clover growing season. Pine trampling injury during the year was 8% on the grazed seedlings while essentially none occured under limited grazing. During the first 2 growing seasons, survival and height of the pines were significantly less on the grazed seedlings than on either the limited grazing or ungrazed seedlings. Pine heights from the limited grazing and ungrazed treatments were not different during the 3-year study; loblolly pine heights from the limited grazing treatment continued to be taller than the grazed treatment through the third year while the slash pine heights were similar for all treatments by the third year. Seedling mortality became more acute as severity of grazing injury increased; the greatest mortality occured when the terminal bud and needles were both browsed off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115364
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agroforestry: southern pines and subterranean clover cultural treatments (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; disking ; grazing ; hay harvesting ; herbicide ; loblolly pine ; slash pine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agroforestry research in central Louisiana, USA, examined the effects of agronomic cultural treatments (disk, chemical, hay, and hay-graze) on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) yields and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) survival and growth. Cultural treatments appear necessary for successful production of subterranean clover in tame pastures, especially for early fall forage growth. Subterranean clover yields in volunteer swards during spring were highest on the disk and chemical treatments. Generally, pine survival and growth during the first 5 years following tree establishment were not affected by cultural treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707470
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Okra production with pine straw mulch (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; loblolly pine ; longleaf pine ; Hibiscus esculentus ; gumbo ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Conventional planted okra in Booneville, Arkansas and Lorman, Mississippi were mulched with loblolly pine straw (Pinus taeda L.) and longleaf pine straw (P. palustris Mill.), respectively, at a rate of 11 t/ha or left bare. At Booneville, plant stand, season yields (18.6 t/ha), pod weight (16.3 g), plant dry weight (2.3 kg), or stem diameter (3.5 cm) were not affected by the loblolly pine mulch. However, mulch application increased pod number (1.22 vs. 1.06×106/ha) and plant height (1.5 vs. 1.6 m), while reducing weed competition (0.05 vs. 0.40 t/ha) and visible plant stress, during periods of soil moisture deficits. Soil temperatures at 5 and 15 cm depth were reduced by mulch until mid-August when plant canopies covered the rows. Seasonal moisture at 30 and 45 cm depths was similar between mulched and bare soils, based upon unreplicated neutron probe measurements. At Lorman, season okra yield (29.8 vs. 24.6 t/ha), number of pods per ha (1.24 vs. 1.07×106) and weed competition were reduced and soil pH lowered 0.56 units by longleaf pine straw mulch. Mulch reduced early season yield at both locations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705469
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