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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible cross-linking of crystalline bacterial surface layer glycoproteins through their glycan chains (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 40 (1993), S. 7-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract After periodate oxidation and incubation with dithiodipropionic acid dihydrazide cross-linking of the crystalline surface layer (S-layer) glycoproteins of Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum L111-69 and Bacillus alvei CCM 2051 was achieved specifically through the glycan chains. The cross-linked S-layers were used for the immobilization of chemically synthesized, spacer-linked, tumour-associated T-disaccharide [βGal(1→3)αGalNAc]. Electron microscopical evaluation of the resulting conjugates showed densely packed, multilayered S-layer structures loaded with the immobilized ligand. After reductive cleavage of the disulphide bond of dithiodipropionic acid by dithiothreitol, monomeric haptenated S-layer conjugates could be obtained. Both the cross-linked and the monomeric type of conjugate might be useful for assessment of specific immune responses, which, in general, can be elicited by those artificial antigens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170420
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methanogenium liminatans spec. nov., a new coccoid, mesophilic methanogen able to oxidize secondary alcohols (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanogens ; Methanogenium liminatans spec. nov. ; 2-Propanol ; 2-Butanol ; Cyclopentanol ; S-layer ; Glycoprotein ; Polar lipids ; Polyamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new mesophilic, coccoid methanogen, assigned as Methanogenium liminatans spec. nov. strain DSM 4140, was isolated from effluent of a reactor for the anaerobic treatment of industrial waste water. Cells of M. Liminatans formed irregular cocci, about 1.5 μm in size, and occurred singly. The cell envelope was an S-layer with hexagonally arranged glycoprotein subunits (Mr=118000). The center-to-center spacings were 15.4 nm. The polar lipid pattern was similar to that of Methanogenium tationis, the polyamine content similar to that found in several Methanogenium species. Strain DSM 4140 grew with H2/CO2, formate, 2-propanol/CO2, 2-butanol/CO2 and cyclopentanol/CO2. For growth with the different substrates acetate was required as an additional carbon source. Growth on H2/CO2 was stimulated by the addition of tungstate. The optimal concentration was 1–2 μM Na2WO4. 185WO inf4 sup2- was incorporated into cells. Growth was not influenced by 0–600 mM NaCl, but no growth occurred in the presence of ≥800 mM NaCl. Increasing concentrations of KCl up to 100 mM were slightly inhibitory for growth. The optimal growth temperature was around 40°C. The G+C content of the DNA was 59.3 mol% (Tm) or 60.5 mol% (HPLC).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249084
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clostridium viride sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium using 5-aminovalerate as growth substrate, previously assigned to Clostridium aminovalericum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Clostridium viride sp. nov. ; Clostridium aminovalericum ; 5-Aminovalerate ; Sulphur reduction ; Anacrobic degradation ; 2,4-Pentadienoyl-CoA reductase ; 5-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA dehydratase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Strain T2–7, a 5-aminovalerate-fermenting bacterium previously classified as Clostridium aminovalericum, was further characterized, both physiologically and phylogenetically. Comparative sequencing analysis of the almost complete 16S rDNA revealed that strain T2–7 forms a distinct lineage within a phylogenetically coherent cluster of gram-positive bacteria currently assigned to the genus Clostridium. Strain T2–7 grew with 5-aminovalerate, 5-hydroxyvalerate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, vinylacetate, and crotonate, and required yeast extract and l-cysteine for growth. Other substrates were not utilized. The fermentation products, depending on the growth substrate, were ammonia, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate. Sulphur was reduced by a mechanism not linked to energy conservation. Other acceptors were not utilized. Cells were gram-positive pointed-ended ovals, motile by means of two subpolar flagella, and possessed a gram-positive cell wall structure with an S-layer of hexagonally arranged subunits of 18.5 nm diameter. The DNA mol% G+C was 41.5. Strain T2–7 (DSM 6836) is proposed as the type strain of a new species, Clostridium viride sp. nov.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and chemical characterization of S-layers of selected strains ofBacillus stearothermophilus andDesulfotomaculum nigrificans (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacterial cell wall ; S-layer ; Crystalline surface layers ; Cell surface ; Glycoprotein ; Bacillaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structures, amino acid- and neutral sugar compositions of the crystalline surface layers (S-layers) of four selected strains each ofBacillus stearothermophilus andDesulfotomaculum nigrificans were compared. Among the four strains of each species a remarkable diversity in the molecular weights of the S-layer subunits and in the geometry and constants of the S-layer lattices was apparent. The crystalline arrays included hexagonal (p6), square (p4) and oblique (p2) lattices. In vitro self-assembly of isolated S-layer subunits (or S-layer fragments) led to the formation of flat sheets or open-ended cylindrical assembly products. The amino acid composition of the S-layers exhibited great similarities and was predominantly acidic. With the exception of the S-layers of two strains ofB. stearothermophilus (where only traces of neutral sugars could be detected), all other S-layer proteins seemed to be glycosylated. Among these strains significant differences in the amount and composition of the glycan portions were found. Based on this diversity interesting questions may be asked about the biological significance of the carbohydrate units of glycoproteins in prokaryotic organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690152
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clostridium viride sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium using 5-aminovalerate as growth substrate, previously assigned to Clostridium aminovalericum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words     Clostridium viride sp. nov. ; Clostridium aminovalericum ; 5-Aminovalerate ; Sulphur reduction ; Anaerobic degradation ; 2 ; 4-Pentadienoyl-CoA reductase ; 5-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA dehydratase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract      Strain T2–7, a 5-aminovalerate-fermenting bacterium previously classified as Clostridium aminovalericum, was further characterized, both physiologically and phylogenetically. Comparative sequencing analysis of the almost complete 16S rDNA revealed that strain T2–7 forms a distinct lineage within a phylogenetically coherent cluster of gram-positive bacteria currently assigned to the genus Clostridium. Strain T2–7 grew with 5-aminovalerate, 5-hydroxyvalerate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, vinylacetate, and crotonate, and required yeast extract and l-cysteine for growth. Other substrates were not utilized. The fermentation products, depending on the growth substrate, were ammonia, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate. Sulphur was reduced by a mechanism not linked to energy conservation. Other acceptors were not utilized. Cells were gram-positive pointed-ended ovals, motile by means of two subpolar flagella, and possessed a gram-positive cell wall structure with an S-layer of hexagonally arranged subunits of 18.5 nm diameter. The DNA mol% G+C was 41.5. Strain T2–7 (DSM 6836) is proposed as the type strain of a new species, Clostridium viride sp. nov.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050155
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial glycoproteins (1997)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 14 (1997), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: prokaryotic glycoprotein ; glycoconjugate ; eubacteria ; archaeobacteria ; surface layer (S-layer) ; flagellin ; pilin ; exoenzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glycoproteins are a diverse group of complex macromolecules that are present in virtually all forms of life. Their presence in prokaryotes, however, has been demonstrated, and accepted, only recently. Bacterial glycoproteins have been identified in many archaeobacteria and in eubacteria. They comprise a wide range of different cell envelope components such as membrane-associated glycoproteins, surface-associated glycoproteins and crystalline surface layers (S-layers), as well as secreted glycoproteins and exoenzymes. Even their occurrence in the cytoplasm cannot yet be ruled out. This minireview tries to cover the whole subject as completely as possible and refers to available information on presence, structure, biosynthesis, and molecular biology of bacterial glycoproteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018551228663
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycan structure of the S-layer glycoprotein ofBacillus sp. L420-91 (1995)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 12 (1995), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: Eubacteria ; glycoprotein ; surface layer (S-layer) ; glycan structure ; 1H and13C-NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Preliminary taxonomic characterization of isolate L420-91 has revealed that this organism is closely related to the speciesBacillus aneurinolyticus. The bacterium is covered by a squarely arranged crystalline surface layer composed of identical glycoprotein subunits with an apparent molecular mass in the range of 109 kDa. A total carbohydrate content of approximately 3.5% (wt/wt) was determined in the purified surface layer glycoprotein. Glycopeptides were obtained after exhaustive Pronase digestion and purification including gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and HPLC. From the combined evidence of composition analysis, Smith degradation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments we propose the following structure for the glycan chain of the surface layer glycoprotein: $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} { \to 3) - \alpha - D - Rhap - (1 \to 3) - \alpha - D - Rhap - (1 \to 2) - \alpha - D - Rhap - (1 \to 2) - \alpha - D - Rhap - (1 \to } \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\begin{array}{*{20}c} 2 \\ \uparrow \\ 1 \\ \end{array} } & {\begin{array}{*{20}c} 2 \\ \uparrow \\ 1 \\ \end{array} } \\ \end{array} } \\ {\alpha - D - Fucp3NAc \alpha - D - Fucp3NAc} \\ \end{array}$$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00731875
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A pyrophosphate bridge links the pyruvate-containing secondary cell wall polymer of Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051 to muramic acid (2000)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 17 (2000), S. 681-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: Paenibacillus alvei ; secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) ; surface layer (S-layer) ; peptidoglycan ; NMR spectroscopy ; structure determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The peptidoglycan, the secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP), and the surface layer (S-layer) glycoprotein are the major glycosylated cell wall components of Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051. In this report, the complete structure of the SCWP, its linkage to the peptidoglycan layer, and its physicochemical properties have been investigated. From the combined evidence of chemical and structural analyses together with one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the following structure of the SCWP-peptidoglycan complex is proposed: [(Pyr4,6)-β-D-Manp NAc-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp NAc-(1→3)]ñ11-(Pyr4,6)-β-D-Manp NAc-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp NAc-(1→O)-PO2-O-PO2-(O→6)-MurNAc- Each disaccharide unit is substituted by 4,6-linked pyruvic acid residues. Under mild acidic conditions, up to 50% of them are lost, leaving non-substituted ManNAc residues. The anionic glycan chains constituting the SCWP are randomly linked via pyrophosphate groups to C-6 of muramic acid residues of the peptidoglycan layer. 31P NMR reveals two signals that, as a consequence of micelle formation, experience different line broadening. Therefore, their integral ratio deviates significantly from 1:1. By treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sonication immediately prior to NMR measurement, this ratio approaches unity. The reversibility of this behavior corroborates the presence of a pyrophosphate linker in this SCWP-peptidoglycan complex. In addition to the determination of the structure and linkage of the SCWP, a possible scenario for its biological function is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011062302889
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  • 9
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    Reversible cross-linking of crystalline bacterial surface layer glycoproteins through their glycan chains (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Clostridium viride sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium using 5-aminovalerate as growth substrate, previously assigned to Clostridium aminovalericum (1994)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0302-8933
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-072X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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