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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of Polyuronic Acid from Cellulose by TEMPO-mediated Oxidation (1998)
    Springer
    Cellulose 5 (1998), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: cellulose ; TEMPO ; polyglucuronic acid ; degree of polymerization ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Various cellulose samples were oxidized by 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpipelidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-NaBr-NaClO systems, and the effects of oxidation conditions on chemical structures and degrees of polymerization of the products obtained were studied. In the case of regenerated and mercerized celluloses, almost all C6 primary alcohol groups were selectively oxidized to carboxyl groups, and water-soluble polyglucuronic acid (cellouronic acid) sodium salts were obtained almost quantitatively; the degrees of polymerization were influenced greatly by the amount of TEMPO added, and the oxidation time and temperatures. Cellouronic acids prepared from mercerized linter and kraft pulps had size exclusion chromatograms with two separate peaks due to higher and lower molecular weight fractions. On the other hand, only small amounts of carboxyl groups were introduced into native cellulose samples. Since polyglucuronic acids prepared from cellulose by the TEMPO–NaBr– NaClO systems regularly consist of the glucuronic acid repeating unit, differing from the conventional water-soluble cellulose derivatives, they may open new fields of cellulose utilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009208603673
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR analysis of cellulose dissolved in aqueous NaOH solutions (1997)
    Springer
    Cellulose 4 (1997), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: sodium hydroxide ; mercerization ; NMR ; chemical shift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Low molecular weight cellulose (degree of polymerization = ca 15) was dissolved in 4-- 30% NaOD/D2O, and relationships between 1H- and 13C-chemical shifts of the cellulose and NaOD concentrations were studied in terms of the dissociation of three hydroxyl groups of cellulose in aqueous NaOH solutions. All C---H proton resonances were shifted upfield linearly with an increase in the NaOD concentration, indicating that all C---H protons of cellulose undergo the electron-shielding effect by NaOH. On the other hand, the shifting patterns of carbon resonances varied among the six carbons: C1 and C4 carbons undergo the electron-shielding effect, whereas C2, C3, C5, and C6 carbons experience the electron-deshielding effect by NaOH. Changes in 13C-chemical shifts of cellulose carbons in 4--30% NaOD/D2O indicate that C3---OH has the highest resistance to dissociation in aqueous NaOH of the three hydroxyl groups of an anhydroglucose residue. It is plausible, at least from the aspects of 13C-chemical shifts, that cellulose molecules dissolving in 20--30% NaOH behave differently from those swollen in 20--30% NaOH as alkali- cellulose
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018471419692
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial amino-acid sequence of ECP31, a carrot embryogenic-cell protein, and enhancement of its accumulation by abscisic acid in somatic embryos (1992)
    Springer
    Planta 186 (1992), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid and embryogenesis ; Cell culture (embryogenesis) ; Daucus (somatic embryogenesis) ; Embryogenesis (somatic) ; LEA protein (late embryogenesis-abundant protein)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract ECP31, an embryogenic-cell protein from carrot (Daucus carota L.), was purified by sequential column-chromatographic steps and digested by V8 protease on a nitrocellulose membrane. The resultant peptides were separated by reverse-phased column chromatography and sequenced. The sequences obtained were 70–80% homologous to those of a late-embryogenesis-abundant protein (D34) from cotton (Baker et al, 1988, Plant Mol. Biol. 11, 227–291). The level of ECP31 in somatic embryos of carrot was increased by treatment of the embryos with 3.7 · 10−6 M abscisic acid (ABA) for 48 h, and there was no change in this enhanced level for up to 192 h in the presence of ABA. No similar enhancing effect of ABA was observed on the level of ECP31 in embryogenic callus or segments of carrot hypocotyls. In an immunohistochemical analysis, ECP31 was found in epidermal tissue and in the vascular system of ABA-treated somatic embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195313
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization of SLG and S-related genes in a self-compatible Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson (1997)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 332-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson ; Self-compatibility ; Self-incompatibility ; S-locus glycoprotein (SLG) ; S-locus related genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  From a stigma cDNA library of a self-compatible strain, designated C636, of Brassica campestris var. yellow sarson, we isolated three cDNA clones that showed a high degree of sequence similarity with cDNAs encoding either SLG or SLR’s. These three cDNA clones were designated SLG (C636), SLR1 (C636), and SLR2 (C636), respectively. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage analyses of a segregating F2 progeny of a hybrid between C636 and the self-incompatible S 8 -homozygote revealed that SLG (C636) was linked to the S locus, whereas SLR1 (C636) and SLR2 (C636) were not. The latter two genes were not linked to each other. The transcripts of SLG (C636), SLR1 (C636), and SLR2 (C636) were detected in stigmas, but not in anthers, of C636. However, the steady-state level of the SLG (C636) transcript was significantly lower than that of the SLG transcript in the self-incompatible S 9 -homozygote. No SRK transcripts were detected in the stigma tissue of C636, whereas an RNA band of the expected size of the SRK transcript was detected in the self-incompatible S 9 -homozygote. The SLG protein was detected in C636 and in three other self-compatible yellow sarson strains by immunoblot analysis; however, the amounts were lower than those of SLGs in self-incompatible strains. We conclude that one reason for the breakdown of self-compatibility in C636 yellow sarson is the down-regulation of the SLG gene and/or failure of the expression of the SRK gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence comparison of four SLR1 alleles in Brassica campestris (syn. B. rapa) (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 295-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Brassica campestris (syn. B. rapa) ; Self-incompatibility ; S-locus related gene 1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050157
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of an SLG protein expressed under the regulation of a tapetum-specific promoter in anthers of transgenic Brassica napus (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Anther ; Self-incompatibility ; S-locus glycoprotein ; Tapetum-specific promoter ; Transgenic Brassica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  S-locus glycoprotein (SLG) is known to be one of the proteins related to self-incompatibility in Brassica, and its transcripts are detected in anthers as well as stigmas. However, an SLG protein has not been detected in anthers so far. Because of sporophytic control of the self-incompatibility (SI) phenotype of pollen, an SLG gene is expected to be expressed in the sporophytic tissue of anthers, i.e., the tapetum. Overexpression of an SLG gene in the tapetum would enable us to predict the localization and function of an SLG protein in anthers. In this study, an SLG gene of self-incompatible B. campestris under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter was introduced into self-compatible B. napus. Immunoblot analysis using anti-SLG antiserum detected the exogenous SLG protein in the immature anthers, but not in the mature anthers. Immunoelectron microscopy showed the SLG protein to be localized in the tapetum and in the exine cell wall layer at the stage when the tapetum was degenerating. This result indicates the possible movement of the SLG protein from the tapetum to the pollen surface. A pollination test indicated that the pollen of the transgenic B. napus did not gain the SI phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050149
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two anther-expressed genes downstream of SLG 9 : identification of a novel S-linked gene specifically expressed in anthers at the uninucleate stage of Brassica campestris (syn. rapa) L. (1999)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 12 (1999), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Anther-expressed gene ; Brassica campestris (syn. rapa) L. ; Self-incompatibility ; SLG ; S locus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system in Brassica campestris (syn. rapa) is controlled by multiple alleles of a single locus, S, in which SLG and SRK are located. SLG and/or SRK appear to comprise the female component of the recognition reaction of SI. The gene encoding the male component must also be located at the S locus but has not been identified to date. RNA gel blot analysis with regions flanking SLG 9 and SRK 9 revealed two anther-expressed genes 3’ of the SLG 9 gene. Two cDNA clones were isolated using the 3’-flanking region of SLG 9 as probe. Because of sequence similarity with the Brassica SLL2 gene, one cDNA clone was designated SLL2-S 9 (for S Locus-Linked 2-S 9 gene). The 5’-region of SLL2-S 9 was not present in other SLL2 genes examined. The second gene was novel and was designated SAE1-S 9 (for S locus Anther Expressed 1-S 9 gene). SAE1-S 9 and SLL2-S 9 were located approximately 2.5 kb and 5.5 kb, respectively, downstream of SLG 9 . A 1.4-kb transcript for SLL2-S 9 was detected in both vegetative and reproductive tissues, whereas 1.9-kb and 2.4-kb transcripts were specifically detected in the anther of S 9 haplotype. SAE1-S 9 was specifically expressed in the anther at the uninucleate stage. This gene encoded a novel polypeptide of 257 amino acids. Database analysis revealed a homologous sequence in the upstream region of SRK 3 of B. oleracea. We discuss possible relationships between SLL2-S 9 and SAE1-S 9 and SI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050183
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of S-alleles and S-glycoproteins between two wild populations of Brassica campestris in Turkey and Japan (1993)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 6 (1993), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: S-allele ; Glycoprotein ; SLG ; Self-incompatibility ; Brassica campestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The number of identical S-alleles between two wild populations of B. campestris, one in Turkey, the other in Japan, that have been independent of one another for a long time was investigated. Diallel pollination tests between 38 S-allele homozygotes, i.e., 16 S-allele homozygotes from Turkey and 22 from Japan, revealed that these were 29 different S-alleles only 4 common ones. These S-alleles were differentiated by the iso-electric focusing (IEF) analysis of S-locus glycoproteins (SLGs) stained with an antiserum against SLG8. All identical S-alleles had the major SLG band at the same pI value without exception, even though they were collected from different populations. However, the number of minor bands of SLGs varied between the two populations; the S-alleles in Balcesme had generally fewer minor bands than those in Oguni. The 29 independent S-alleles were numbered from S 21 to S 49 according to the pI value of the major SLG band. The major bands whose pI values were 7.5–8.5 were most common. Blot-hybridization patterns of genomic DNA hybridized with SLG 8 cDNA were not always the same among the strains of identical S-alleles obtained from different populations. Because about 20% of the S-alleles were shared between the two populations, it can be inferred that more than hundreds of S-alleles have been accumulated by mutation in B. campestris throughout the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227652
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of photosynthesis and growth of photoautotrophically cultured plant cells by choline and its analogs (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 691-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: choline ; growth stimulation ; photoautotrophic cell ; photosynthesis stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of choline and its analogs, allylcholine and benzylcholine, on the photosynthesis and on the cell growth were examined using photoautotrophically, photomixotrophically and heterotrophically cultured cells. The addition of choline and its analogs stimulated the cellular photosynthetic activity and enhanced the dry weight increase in both photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic cells. However, the growth of heterotrophic cells did not increase by the addition of choline and choline analogs. The photosynthetic electron transport activity in thylakoid membrane was enhanced when cells were treated with choline and choline analogs, suggesting that thylakoid membranes are the initial site of the stimulation of cellular photosynthesis. The stimulatory effect of choline and choline analogs was sustained even after 3 week-culture. Among the choline analogs tested, benzylcholine showed the most quick effect and was effective at a lower concentration (1 mg/l) than choline (10 mg/l).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233421
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of bombyxin-IV, an insulin superfamily peptide from the silkworm,Bombyx mori, by stepwise and selective formation of three disulfide Bridges (1992)
    Springer
    The protein journal 11 (1992), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Prothoracicotropic hormone ; insect neuropeptide ; insulin superfamily ; peptide synthesis ; selective formation of disulfide bridges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We report the synthesis of bombyxin-IV, a disulfide-linked, heterodimeric, insulin superfamily peptide from the silkworm,Bombyx mori. The two chains (A- and B-chains) were synthesized separately by the solid-phase method using fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group as a protecting group for α-amino group. Three disulfide bonds were bridged step by step (A6–A11, A20–B22, and A7–B10) in a good yield. Synthetic bombyxin-IV was identical with natural one with regard to the retention time on a reversed-phase column and the molecular weight measured by mass spectrometry. Circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the synthetic bombyxin-IV was very similar to that of the natural one. The specific activity of synthetic bombyxin-IV is equal to that of natural one (0.1 ng/Samia unit). These results suggest that the synthetic bombyxin-IV has the tertiary structure identical with the natural peptide. Our method developed for synthesis of bombyxin-IV would be generally applicable to the synthesis of insulin-like heterodimeric peptides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025086
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