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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of cation size on ion pairing of methyl orange dye with tetraalkylammonium and benzyltrialkylammonium ions in aqueous solution (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 5 (1976), S. 709-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: ion-pair formation ; ion-size effect ; dye sulfonate ; tetraalkylammonium ions ; benzyltrialkylammonium ions ; solvent extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Formation constants have been measured by a solvent distribution method for the ion pairing of an arene sulfonate, methyl orange dye, with two series of quaternary ammonium ions: R4N+(R=Et,n-Pr,n-Bu, andn-Pent) and C6H5CH2R3N+ (R=Me, Et,n-Pr,n-Bu,n-Pent, andn-Hex). Ion pairing increases dramatically as the length of the R group increases beyond butyl. Using a hard-sphere model for contact ion pairs, it is estimated that coulombic attraction contributes about −kT to the binding free energy and decreases slightly with increasing size of R4N+. Other factors related to solvation effects, of which cosphere overlap predominates, contribute from −2kT to −7kT of binding energy. Plots of logK for association as a function of cation size show an inflection with decreasing slope between R=propyl and R=butyl. Possible causes for the inflection are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00643455
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of contamination byErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. carotovora subsp.atroseptica of potato seed tubers and of cultivar resistance on blanking or nonemergence and blackleg development in Valencia, Spain (1988)
    Springer
    Potato research 31 (1988), S. 591-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: furrow irrigation ; cut seed tubers ; Bacillus spp. ; Clostridium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary High grade potato seed tubers of three cultivars were inoculated in Scotland by vacuum infiltration in suspensions ofErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora and subsp.atroseptica in different combinations, and transported to Valencia, Spain. They were cut into two to three pieces and planted in January 1984, 1985 and 1986 in fields furrow irrigated before and after emergence. High incidences of blanking and blackleg were associated with seed inoculated with high numbers ofE.c. atroseptica alone or together withE.c. carotovora and not with high or low numbers ofE.c. carotovora alone.E.c. atroseptica predominated at emergence in March in rotting seed pieces which failed to produce a plant, regardless of the seed treatment, and in diseased stems in April but it was replaced byE.c. carotovora in May. The levels of blanking and blackleg after inoculating 16 cultivars with both erwinias were not correlated between years nor were they significantly different within years among most of the cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361851
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