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  • Springer  (270)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonequilibrium statistical mechanical derivation of a nonlocal Darcy's Law for unsaturated/saturated flow (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unsaturated ; nonlocal ; memory ; statistical physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As illustrated variously by wetting and drying scanning curves, flow in unsaturated porous media is inherently nonlocal. This nonlocality is also manifest in hysteresis in the classical Darcy conductivity. It is the authors' belief that most current theories of unsaturated/saturated flow are often inadequate, as they do not account for spatial nonlocality and memory. Here we provide a fundamental theory in which nonlocality of the flow constitutive theory is a natural consequence of force balances. The results are derived from general principles in statistical physics and under appropriate limiting conditions, the classical Darcy's Law is recovered for saturated flow. A notable departure in this theory from other nonlocal flow theories is that a classical Darcy type equation on a small scale need not exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589892
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of concentration-dependent surface diffusion in ternary adsorption kinetics of ethane, propane and n-butane in activated carbon (1996)
    Springer
    Adsorption 2 (1996), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The role of concentration-dependent surface diffusion in the adsorption kinetics of a multicomponent system is investigated in this paper. Ethane, propane and n-butane are selected as the model adsorbates and Ajax activated carbon as the model adsorbent. Adsorption equilibrium isotherm and dynamic parameters extracted from single-component systems are used to predict the ternary adsorption equilibria and kinetics. The effect of concentration-dependent surface diffusion on the adsorption kinetics predictions is studied by comparing the results of two mathematical models with the experimental data. Three diffusion mechanisms, macropore, surface and micropore diffusions are incorporated in both models. The distinction between these two models is the use of the chemical potential gradient as the driving force for the diffusion of the adsorbed species in one model and the concentration gradient in the other. It was found that the model using the chemical potential gradient provides a better prediction of the ternary adsorption kinetics data, suggesting the importance of the concentration dependency of the surface diffusion, which is implicitly reflected in the chemical potential gradient. The kinetic model predictions are also affected by the way how single-component adsorption equilibrium isotherm data are fitted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00128303
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An adsorption strength model for the electrochemical codeposition of α-Al2O3 particles and a Fe–P alloy (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 437-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: adsorption strength model ; alumina particle ; electrochemical codeposition mechanism ; ferrophosphorus alloy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An adsorption strength model is developed to describe the mechanism of codeposition of α-alumina and Fe–P alloy. Based on hypotheses concerning the effective adsorption and the distribution of the adsorption strength of particles on the cathode, a general expression relating the content of embedded particles to the suspension concentration and the current density is deduced. This relationship is in good agreement with the experimental results. The variation of the content of particles in deposits with current density is an overall balance of two opposing effects which leads to a maximum in the particle content against current density curve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003406117342
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of thickness of electrochemically deposited hole-transport film on electroluminescent properties (2000)
    Springer
    Applied physics 71 (2000), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 73.50.-h; 73.61.-r; 73.61.Ph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Polybithiophene (PBTh) film was used as a hole-transport layer in an electroluminescent (EL) device. The PBTh was electropolymerized on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass acting as a working electrode. From the change of full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the EL spectrum with the thickness of the PBTh film, it could be deduced that the PBTh film efficiently blocks the injection of electrons into the ITO electrode. The thickness of the hole-transport layer used in the EL device has a significant influence on the EL intensity and efficiency. Experimental data showed that there is an optimal thickness of the electrodeposited PBTh-hole-transport layer for high-efficiency EL devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050038
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potassium response ofBrassica chinensis Baily in the Guangzhou area, Southern China (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Brassica chinensis (Choy-sam) ; potash fertilizer ; potassium response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response to potassium by a vegetable crop,Brassica chinensis Baily (Choy-sam) was studied in field experiments. The results indicated that the petiole and stem contained higher concentrations of potassium than other tissues while the leaf blades and flower contained highest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Application of potash significantly increased the yield of Choy-sam and the potassium concentration in the plant. There was no response to potash fertilizer when the ammonium acetate soluble K content of the soil was greater than 71 ± 12µg g−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048955
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nano-scale metal cluster deposition using STM (1999)
    Springer
    Applied physics 68 (1999), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 61.16.Di; 61.16.Fk; 68.35.Fx
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050868
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture energy and fracture process zone (1992)
    Springer
    Materials and structures 25 (1992), S. 319-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'énergie de rupture Gf peut être déterminée expérimentalement selon la méthode recommandée par la RILEM. On a déjà constaté que l'énergie de rupture dépend à la fois de la taille et de la géométrie du spécimen à tester. Le modèle de la fissure fictive postule que l'énergie de rupture, la résistance à la traction, l'ouverture critique de la fissure fictive et la forme du diagramme de radoucissement sont constants pour un type de béton donné. On montre dans cet article qu'il est possible d'introduire une énergie de rupture locale gf. Cette énergie de rupture locale varie en fonction de la largeur de la zone d'endommagement. Au fur et à mesure que la fissure se propage dans le spécimen, la zone d'endommagement se confine de plus en plus et l'on assiste alors à une décroissance de l'énergie de rupture locale. Les prévisions théoriques ont été confrontées aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus par ‘l'essai de fondage par coin’ (wedge splitting technique), méthode décrite précédemment. Il a été monté qu'une variation locale de l'énergie de rupture entraîne une dépendance de l'énergie de rupture spécifique globale de la taille du spécimen.
    Notes: Abstract The fracture energy Gf can be determined following a RILEM recommendation. However, it has been found that fracture energy depends on both size and geometry of the test specimen. The underlying fictitious crack model postulates that fracture energy, tensile strength, the critical opening of the fictitious crack, and the shape of the softening curve (softening factor) are constants for a given type of concrete. Here it is shown that a local fracture energy ccan be introduced. This local fracture energy varies with the width of the fracture process zone. As the crack approaches the back end of a specimen the fracture process zone becomes more and more confined and hence the local fracture energy decreases. Theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results obtained with the wedge splitting technique described earlier. It is shown that a local variation of the fracture energy leads to a size dependence of the global specific fracture energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02472590
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas (2000)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 19 (2000), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997 and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CUs) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount, while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002710000019
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of citrus nematode resistance and its linkage with molecular markers (2000)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 100 (2000), S. 1010-1017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Tylenchulus semipenetrans ; Bulked segregant analysis ; Linkage map ; QTL ; Molecular markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Eleven RAPD markers linked to a gene region conferring resistance to citrus nematodes in an intergen-eric backcross family were identified. Two sequence- characterized amplified region markers linked to a citrus tristeza virus resistance gene and one selected resistance gene candidate marker were evaluated for their association with citrus nematode resistance. A nematode-susceptible citrus hybrid, LB6-2 [Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata)×Hamlin orange (C. sinensis)], was crossed with the citrus nematode-resistant hybrid Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi×Poncirus trifoliata) to produce 62 hybrids that were reproduced by rooted cuttings. The plants were grown in a greenhouse and inoculated with nematodes isolated from infected field trees. The hybrids segregated widely for this trait in a continuous distribution, suggesting possible polygenic control of the resistance. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify markers associated with resistance by bulking DNA samples from individuals at the phenotypic distribution extremes. Linkage relationships were established by the inheritance of the markers in the entire population. A single major gene region that contributes to nematode resistance was identified. The resistance was inherited in this backcross family from the grandparent Poncirus trifoliata as a single dominant gene. QTL analysis revealed that 53.6% of the phenotypic variance was explained by this major gene region. The existence of other resistance-associated loci was suggested by the continuous phenotypic distribution and the fact that some moderately susceptible hybrids possessed the resistance-linked markers. The markers may be useful in citrus rootstock breeding programs if it can be demonstrated that they are valid in other genetic backgrounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051382
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of nanocrystalline SnO2 thin films used in chemisorption sensors by pulsed laser reactive ablation (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1997), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-482X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Nanocrystalline SnO2 thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser reactive ablation using a metallic Sn target. Oxidation of Sn to SnO2 occurred principally on the substrate surface and was negligible during transportation of Sn atoms in the ablated plume from the target to the film. Therefore, the substrate temperature was the most important parameter to influence the phase constitution of the films. When the substrate temperature was higher than the melting point of metal Sn (230 °C), SnO2 phase was obtained. Otherwise the films were β-Sn dominant. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to determine the grain size in the films, which was in the range 10–30 nm, depending upon the substrate temperature and the subsequent annealing. For chemisorption performance, films with a thickness up to 24 nm showed a higher sensitivity than the films 38 nm and 96 nm thick. Excellent chemisorption properties have been achieved on the very thin nanocrystalline films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018589912386
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