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Microbial, chemical and physical changes during composting of a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus calophylla and Eucalyptus diversicolor) bark mix (1989)

Hardy, G. E. St. J. ; Sivasithamparam, K.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 260-270

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Hardwood barks ; Composting ; Actinomycetes ; Filamentous fungi ; Yeasts ; Pseudomonads ; Pectinolytic bacteria ; Sporeformers ; Phytotoxicity ; CO2 evolution ; pH ; Temperature ; Microbial succession

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Physical, chemical, and population changes among microorganisms in a eucalyptus bark mix were examined during composting. The microbial succession was studied in detail by dilution plating. The CO2 evolution corresponded to high microbial numbers. The pH increased rapidly, from 4 to 7.5, before stabilizing at approximately 6.5. Composting increased the availability of most nutrients. Initially, bacteria and filamentous fungi appeared to be the main decomposing organisms. With time, however, yeasts and actinomycetes increased in numbers. The numbers of spore-forming bacteria (Bacillus spp.) and pseudomonads also increased with time. The compost was initially phytotoxic, but ceased to be so within 76 days.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266489

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Use of soil solarization to control root rots in gerberas (Gerbera jamesonii) (1989)

Kaewruang, W. ; Sivasithamparam, K. ; Hardy, G. E.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 38-47

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum ; Phytophthora cryptogea ; Rhizoctonia solani ; Fusarium solani ; Gerbera jamesond ; Root rot ; Soil solarization ; Fumigation ; Microbial suppression ; Nutrient availability

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary An investigation was conducted during the summer months of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 in Western Australia to evaluate the effect of soil solarization on the control of root rot of gerbera an also on the microbial and nutrient status of the soil. Infested soil cores were sampled from a site where root-rot was a severe problem and were removed to a non-infested site where they were subjected to soil solarization or fumigation. Soil solarization resulted in reduced root rot (root disease index 28.6%) in comparison to the untreated control (52.0%) 8 months after planting. Plants in the fumigated plots had 15.8% less disease than those in solarized plots. Solarization increased the total numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, and the proportion of bacteria and fungi antogonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The proportion of actinomycetes antagonistic to these fungi, however, did not differ between solarized and control soil treatments. There was a significant reduction in disease in plants grown in infested fumigated soil to which a 10% concentration of solarized soil had been added, suggesting the development of microbial suppression in solarized soil. Phytophthora cryptogea was eradicated to 30 cm by solarization as well as by fumigation. Solarization eliminated R. solani but not F. oxysporum to a soil depth of 10 cm. Solarization increased the levels of NO n3 − -N and NH4 +-N in soil, but did not affect the concentrations of PO4 3−, K+, Fe2+, organic C and pH. Yield (as number of flowers per plant) was increased by soil solarization and by fumigation. Increased yields and decreased disease severity in the solarized plots could have been caused by (1) a reduction in the infectivity of the infested soils, (2) an increase in the suppressiveness of the soil, and (3) an increased available of plant nutrients.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260514

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The effect of soil pH on the ability of ectomycorrhizal fungi to increase the growth of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (1996)

Thomson, B. D. ; Grove, T. S. ; Malajczuk, N. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 209-214

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: colonization ; ectomycorrhiza ; effectiveness ; external hyphae ; phosphorus nutrition ; soil pH

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of two levels of soil pH (5 and 6) on the ability (effectiveness) of ectomycorrhizal fungi to increase the growth of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. at a deficient supply of P. Plants were inoculated with one of six fungal isolates [Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk. and Br. (isolates A and B), Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (isolates A and B), Descolea maculata Bough. and Mal. and Setchelliogaster sp. nov.] and were grown in a P-deficient sand, in pots, in a temperature-controlled glasshouse. Seedlings were harvested 89 days after planting and were assessed for dry matter production, tissue P concentrations, ectomycorrhizal colonization of roots and hyphal development in soil. Uninoculated plants had less than 5% of their fine root length colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi. In contrast, inoculated plants had 30% or greater of their fine root length ectomycorrhizal. Inoculation increased the uptake of P and growth of plants for all isolates and at both levels of soil pH, although growth responses to inoculation were greater at pH 6, particularly for the two L. laccata isolates. Isolates which colonized roots most extensively increased plant growth to the greatest extent. D. maculata was the most effective fungal isolate at pH 5, and both D. maculata and L. laccata A were most effective at pH 6. The effects of soil pH on plant growth were also related to some extent to the effects of soil pH on colonized root length. Growth responses to inoculation were related less well to hyphal development in soil. The L. laccata isolates formed more hyphae in soil (on a per pot, per m of fine root, and per m of colonized fine root basis) than other fungal isolates, but were not always more effective in increasing plant grown.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011585

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4

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Effect of solarization of soil within plastic bags on root rot of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) (1989)

Kaewruang, W. ; Sivasithamparam, K. ; Hardy, G. E.

Springer

Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 303-306

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum ; Gerbera jamesonii ; Phytophthora cryptogea ; root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; soil nutrients ; solarization in plastic bags

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Solarization of soil, (potting mix = coarse sand:Eucalyptus marginata fines = 1∶1) infested with 3 fungi pathogenic to gerbera (Phytophthora cryptogea, Fusarium oxysporum andRhizoctonia solani), for 3 to 4 weeks within transparent polyethylene bags controlled root rot of gerbera. Solarization for 2 weeks however, was less effective. All plants grown in the infested potting mix which had been kept in shade for 2, 3 or 4 weeks were severely attacked. Solarization of soil within plastic bags for 4 weeks also increased availability of nutrients such as NH4 +-N, PO4 − and K+ in comparison to bagged soil kept in the shade for the same period.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377081

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5

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The survival and development of inoculant ectomycorrhizal fungi on roots of outplanted Eucalyptus globulus Labill (1996)

Thomson, B. D. ; Hardy, G. E. StJ. ; Malajczuk, N. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 247-253

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: colonization ; ectomycorrhiza ; eucalypt ; inoculant ; survival

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The survival and development of two inoculant ectomycorrhizal fungi (Hebeloma westraliense Bough. Tom. and Mal. and Setchelliogaster sp. nov.) on roots of outplanted Eucalyptus globulus Labill. was examined at two expasture field sites in the south-west of Western Australia. Site 1 was a gravelly yellow duplex soil, and Site 2 was a yellow sandy earth. Plants were grown in steamed or unsteamed soil, in root bags designed as field containers for young growing trees. Three, 6 and 12 months after outplanting, plants were removed from these bags and assessed for dry weights of shoots and ectomycorrhizal colonization of roots. The inoculant ectomycorrhizal fungi (identified on the basis of the colour and morphology of their mycorrhizas) survived on roots of E. globulus for at least 12 months after outplanting at both field sites. At Site 1, however, colonization of new fine roots by the inoculant fungi was low (less than 20% of fine root length). Inoculation had no effect on the growth of E. globulus at this site. In contrast, at Site 2 the inoculant ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized up to 30–50% of new fine root length during the first 6 months after outplanting. There was a corresponding growth response to ectomycorrhizal inoculation at this site, with a close relationship (r2=0.82**) between plant growth at 12 months and root colonization at 3 months. Plant growth at 12 months was related less closely with root colonization at 6 or 12 months. Root colonization by ‘resident’ ectomycorrhizal fungi increased with time at both field sites. At Site 2, this increase appeared to be at the expense of colonization by the inoculant fungi, which was reduced to less than 10% of fine root length at 12 months. Steaming the soil had little effect on colonization by the inoculant ectomycorrhizal fungi at either field site, but decreased colonization by the resident ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011590

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