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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heuristic-Systematic Information Processing and Risk Judgment (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 391-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Risk judgment ; risk communication ; heuristic-systematic processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The heuristic-systematic information processing model (HSM) holds that individuals will use one or both of these modes of information processing when attempting to evaluate information in order to arrive at a judgment. Systematic processing is defined by effortful scrutiny and comparison of information, whereas heuristic processing is defined by the use of cues to arrive more easily at a judgment. Antecedents to the two processing modes include information sufficiency, motivation, and self-efficacy. Structural equation modeling is used to examine competing configuration of this model and to evaluate the model as appropriate for predicting risk judgment. The model also is evaluated across three groups that vary with respect to their level of concern. These analyses are executed within a case study involving an epidemiological investigation of a suspected cancer cluster. The analysis confirms the HSM's theoretically proposed structure and shows it to be a useful vehicle for evaluating risk judgment. In the overall analysis, antecedent variables generally function as specified by theory. Systematic processing is predicted by greater motivation. Heuristic processing is predicted by information sufficiency. Self-efficacy is a significant predictor of both processing modes. And heuristic processing is shown to be associated with judgment of less risk. However, when the analysis is contrasted across three groups (those concerned about cancer, not concerned and uncertain) it is shown that the model is significantly more robust for the uncertain group. This finding may have implications for the use of the HSM in risk research specifically, and in field research generally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007092410720
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-soluble hydrocarbons from crude oil (1974)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 12 (1974), S. 212-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01684964
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microsatellite Evolution: Testing the Ascertainment Bias Hypothesis (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 46 (1998), S. 256-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Microsatellite — Sheep — Cattle — Ascertainment bias
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Previous studies suggest the median allele length of microsatellites is longest in the species from which the markers were derived, suggesting that an ascertainment bias was operating. We have examined whether the size distribution of microsatellite alleles between sheep and cattle is source dependent using a set of 472 microsatellites that can be amplified in both species. For those markers that were polymorphic in both species we report a significantly greater number of markers (P 〈 0.001) with longer median allele sizes in sheep, regardless of microsatellite origin. This finding suggests that any ascertainment bias operating during microsatellite selection is only a minor contributor to the variation observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006301
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrophotometry Of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) Near Perihelion (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 78 (1997), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comet ; dust ; infrared spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present 1- to 5-μm broadband and CVF images of comet Hale-Bopp taken 1997 February 10.5 UT, 50 days before perihelion. All the images exhibit a nonspherical coma with a bright “ridge” in the direction of the dust tail approximately 10″ from the coma. Synthetic aperture spectrophotometry implies that the optically important grains are of a radius ≤0.4 μm; smallest radius for any comet seen to date. The variation of the integrated surface brightness with radial distance from the coma (ρ) in all the images closely follows the “steady state” ρ−1 model for comet dust ablation (Gehrz and Ney, 1992). The near-infrared colors taken along the dust tail are not constant implying the dust grain properties vary with coma distance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006265419894
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of steam and ammonia pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (1988)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 29 (1988), S. 462-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Aspenwood, wheat straw, wheat chaff and alfalfa stems were treated under pressure with either steam or ammonia. The material was then water or methanol/water extracted. The extent of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose portion of the treated substrates was compared using two different cellulases, a commercial preparation, Celluclast, and those from the fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Both steam and ammonia treatment enhanced the accessibility of the cellulose as measured by hydrolysis. Methanol extraction of steamed material generally reduced the access of the enzyme to the cellulose, whereas methanol extraction of ammonia-treated material increased accessibility. The optimum combinations of pretreatment and extraction method depended on the substrate and on the enzyme system; no treatment suitable for all situations could be selected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00269069
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Results of a National Survey on College Chemistry Faculty Beliefs and Attitudes of Assessment-of-Student-Learning Practices (1997)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 2 (1997), S. 1-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Why is assessment of student learning important? The National Science Education Standards chapter on Assessment in Science Education states that assessment is “primary feedback” [1]. Assessment of learning supplies instructors with feedback on how well their students are learning course material, and students are provided information about how well they are meeting teachers’ expectations. Assessment of learning is useful for communicating the expectations of an educational program. Communication helps instructors know what to teach, how to teach, and where to find the material to teach. Assessment of student learning can also be used for program planning and improvement. For example, placement tests can be used as advising tools. Student work, in the form of portfolios, might serve as partial evidence of the quality of an undergraduate chemistry program. In summary, assessment of learning can provide information to: Students, about the extent of their learning and possibilities for success in future courses. Faculty, about the extent to which their teaching practices are facilitating student learning, and how they might make modifications to those practices. Administrators and other stakeholders, about course articulation, program effectiveness, and what students are able to do as they complete a program. A comprehensive literature review about assessing learning in K-12 science education has examined assessment of learning techniques as well as policy-related issues [2].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897970104a
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing for Conceptual Understanding in General Chemistry1 (1997)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 2 (1997), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conceptual understanding involves being able to represent and translate chemical problems using three forms of representation—macroscopic, particulate, and symbolic. In addition to research on chemical problem solving, a great deal of work on student misconceptions involving chemical phenomena has been conducted. Both the representational formats, and the work on student misconceptions, served as framework for a team of chemical educators to develop a general chemistry standardized exam focused on conceptual understanding that is now available from the ACS Examinations Institute. Several of the item formats differ fromt he conventional single answer multiple choice question currently used on such tests. This article will report the background of the test, the structure of the test, and on-going work of the group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897970118a
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for an association between AB0 blood group and goitre (1976)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 32 (1976), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A medical and genetic study on KarKar Island, Papua New Guinea revealed a significant association between AB0 blood group status and susceptibility to goitre with 0 individuals more susceptible than non-0. The association is found in a number of separate villages on the island which indicates that it is not due simply to chance concordance in geographical patterns of genetic and disease variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295825
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource limitation, competition and the influence of life history in a freshwater snail community (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 512-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Resource depletion ; Food limitation ; Gastropods ; Population limitation ; Exploitative competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Previous work on a snail community occurring throughout lakes in southwestern Michigan showed that predation by molluscivorous sunfish had large impacts on only the rarest snail species. Thus, competition might play a major role in population limitation because dominant members of the snail community are relatively immune to predation. The present experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which the snail community depleted the abundance of food resources (epiphytes) and the extent to which epiphyte abundances limited snail production. An experimental gradient in snail densities showed that removal of snails increased epiphyte biomass by approximately 3-fold relative to that observed at natural snail densities. Enrichment of the environment with phosphorus fertilizer increased epiphyte biomass by approximately 20-fold and provided a test of food limitation in the snail community. All snail taxa exhibited positive numerical or growth responses to enrichment. The observations that snails depleted resources and that resources limited snail production demonstrated that snails competed exploitatively for epiphytes. The response of each snail species to increased food abundance differed depending on the timing of fertilization relative to the snails' life histories. Snails hatched before the experiment began were larger in fertilized treatments, due to increased growth, but their densities were similar among treatments. On the other hand, densities of snails born during the experiment were up to 15-fold greater in fertilized treatments, due in part to increased survival of newborn snails. Comparison of the responses of snails to food addition and to predator removals (based on prior experiments) suggested that food availability limits snail production more than predators do. Additionally, the large responses by algae and snails to fertilization demonstrated that both the producers and herbivores in this simplified food chain were strongly resource limited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378669
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in resource abundance affects diet and feeding morphology in the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diet ; Functional morphology ; Lepomis ; Molluscs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus; Centrarchidae) feeds extensively on molluscs, crushing them between its pharyngeal jaws. To address whether differences in mollusc availability might affect pumpkinseed diet and jaw morphology, we collected pumpkinseed from six Wisconsin lakes that varied in mollusc abundance and diversity. The percentage of molluscs in the diet increased directly with mollusc abundance. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the mass of the pumpkinseed's main crushing muscle, the levator posterior, and the percentage of molluscs in the diet. These data support our previous work in two Michigan lakes showing that pumpkinseed pharyngeal jaws were more robust, and mollusc crushing performance improved, in a lake with higher mollusc densities. The combined Wisconsin and Michigan data exhibit a single relationship between levator posterior mass and percentage of molluscs eaten. Taken together, these studies demonstrate strong, functional relationships between prey availability, diet, morphology, and feeding performance, and suggest how morphology and feeding efficiency may evolve in response to variation in resource density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317802
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