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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 2 (1920), S. 146-147 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 2 (1920), S. 71-75 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 8 (1920), S. 867-867 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 15 (1976), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gesamtsterblichkeit an allen Todesursachen ist gleichmäßig auf starke und schwache Kaffeekonsumenten verteilt. Tab. 1 zeigt sogar, daß die Kaffeetrinker von 5 Tassen und mehr pro Tag unter den weißen Männern eine etwas niedrigere Sterblichkeit an allen Todesursachen haben als die wenig oder nicht Kaffee trinkenden Personen. 2. Die Apoplexie-Mortalität zeigte in diesen 4 1/2 Jahren divergierende und schwer erklärliche Unterschiede in den vier Geschlechts- und Rasse-Untergruppen. Während weiße Männer und Neger (die die höchste Apoplexierate in diesem Teil der USA zu verzeichnen haben) in derstarken Kaffeekonsumgruppe keinen einzigen Fall von Zerebralinfarkt oder Gehirnblutung hatten und in der wenig oder keinen Kaffee trinkenden Gruppe 2,8% bzw. 3,2% mit tödlicher Apoplexie gefunden wurden, bot das weibliche Geschlecht ein anderes Ergebnis: Weiße Frauen und Negerinnen mit Kaffeetrinkgewohnheiten von 5 Tassen und mehr pro Tag hatten ein höheres Apoplexierisiko als die wenig Kaffee trinkenden Frauen. 3. Die Myokardinfarkt-Mortalität zeigte keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen starken und schwachen Kaffeetrinkern in allen vier Untergruppen, nachdem die Altersberichtigung durchgeführt und die Rauchgewohnheiten mitkontrolliert wurden. 4. Die Tatsache, daß die am meisten für Apoplexie gefährdete Gruppe von Männern im Südosten der USA unter starken Kaffeetrinkern keinen Todesfall aufwies, sowie die statistisch nicht signifikanten Unterschiede in der Myokard-infarkt-Sterblichkeit zwischen stark oder wenig Kaffee trinkenden Personen in dieser prospektiven Studie, und vor allem die leicht erhöhte Gesamtsterblichkeit an allen Todesursachen bei den wenig oder keinen Kaffee trinkenden weißen Männern, stellt u. E. alle Spekulationen über einen krankheitsfördernden Einfluß des Kaffees in Frage. 5. Obwohl die Zahl der Todesfälle (n=339) ziemlich groß ist, d. h. 13% Mortalität in dieser Gemeinde innerhalb von 4 1/2 Jahren, ist die statistische Analyse erschwert durch vier Geschlechts- und Rassegruppen mit weiterer Unterteilung in 2 Kaffee-Konsumgruppen. Um die Behauptungen über schädliche Auswirkungen eines hohen Kaffee-Verbrauches auf das Myokard oder die Koronargefäße zu widerlegen, müßte man mit noch größerem Zahlenmaterial arbeiten. Aber im Hinblick auf unseren wichtigsten Befund — daß die Sterblichkeit an allen Todesursachen unter starken Kaffeetrinkern nicht erhöht ist — erlauben wir uns die Ansicht, daß weitere Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema eine unfruchtbare Zeitverschwendung darstellen.
    Notes: Summary Total mortality showed no association with heavy coffee consumption in the four race-sex groups of Evans County. Deaths from coronary heart disease in WM, WF and BM showed no statistically significant differences between the two coffee consuming groups. Sex differences in cerebrovascular death rates, consistent in both races, suggest the possibility for a female excess of stroke deaths among coffee drinkers, and a “protective” effect of coffee drinking among males. Thus, in an area of the United States which has been designated the “Stroke Belt”, neither the cardiovascular nor the cerebrovascular death rates seem strongly nor consistently related to coffee drinking habits. Although the number of deaths (339) is fairly large, representing a 13% mortality in this community over a four and one-half year observation period, the classification in four race-sex groups with further division into the groups with different coffee drinking habits limits each stratum to rather small numbers. In addition, 86 cases of CHD and CVD were diagnosed during lifetime already and, therefore, were excluded from the prospective mortality study. Confidently to refute or conflrm the allegations of a detrimental influence of high coffee intake on ischemic heart disease one would need larger numbers. But in the light of our most important finding — that mortality from all causes is not increased in the high coffee consuming group — the finding of increased ischemic heart disease death rates with high coffee consumption would have to be compensated by a provocative, lower rate for other causes of death.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Coenonympha ; population size ; population quality ; fluctuating asymmetry ; conservations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that minor, fluctuating differences in size of bilateral traits could validly indicate individual differences in developmental stability. One plausible reason for instability to occur could be lowered population size, which has been suggested to increase fluctuating asymmetry due to inbreeding, for example. We measured seven wing asymmetries of three Coenonympha butterfly species in central Sweden. One species is abundant (nobreak C. pamphilus), one rather common (C. arcania), and one rare (C. hero). We expected that if fluctuating asymmetry is a reliable indicator of population quality and thus a useful tool for conservation purposes, the most abundant species should show lowest asymmetry and the most endangered, the highest. Contrary to our expectations, the highest wing asymmetry was found in the relatively common species C. arcania and the most abundant and rare species did not show significant differences in levels of wing asymmetry. Our results obtained from three Coenonympha species hence suggest that the use of fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of population conservation status may be misleading. Possible increase in asymmetry of small and/or isolated populations of butterflies may be masked by local differences in environmental conditions that could have high impact on bilateral development as well.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Spectroscopy ; Chromatography ; Species ; Selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Aqueous extracts of five mine soil samples and a set of selenite (SeO3 2–)–selenate (SeO4 2–) solutions (0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 25 mg/l) were speciated using atomic absorption spectroscopy with hydride generation (AAS-HG) and ion chromatography (IC) to compare these methods for Se speciation. In another experiment, a SeO3 2––SeO4 2––SO4 2– solution (25 mg/l) was reacted with CaO, MgO, MnO2, CuO, La2O3, and WO3 to evaluate the relative distribution of the Se species and SO4 2– in the SORB (sorbed ions that were desorbed by NaOH), SOLN (equilibrium concentrations), CMPX (irreversibly sorbed and neutral ion pair complexes) fractions. The AAS-HG method was capable of analyzing Se as low as 0.002 mg/l, which was below the detection limit of IC. High concentration of SO4 2– affected the chromatographic Se speciation either by shifting or overlapping Se peaks, in which AAS-HG was more useful. However, IC was capable of speciating aqueous SeO3 2––SeO4 2– directly without any sample pretreatment, whereas AAS-HG measured SeO3 2–+SeO4 2–, and SeO3 2– in separate runs and SeO4 2– was calculated from the difference, i.e., spectrophotometric speciation was an indirect method. For both Se species, AAS-HG and IC data were comparable within detection standard deviations. Ratios of different Se species at measured soil pH and pe indicated that SeO3 2– or SeO4 2– would be the dominant Se species; the p(SeO4 2–/SeO3 2–) values further suggested SeO4 2– would be the major solution species. Except for CaO and MgO treatments, the %SeO3 2– in the SORB fraction was ≥%SeO4 2–. In the SOLN fraction %SeO4 2– was ≥%SeO3 2– for all oxides but CaO, whereas in the CMPX fraction this order was observed for only CaO and MnO2. The %SeO3 2– was highest in the SOLN fraction for all oxides but MgO and La2O3 for these two oxides SeO3 2– dominated in CMPX and SORB fractions, respectively. The SOLN fraction also contained the highest %SeO4 2– for all oxides but MgO which retained SeO4 2– primarily in the SORB fraction. The %SeO3 2– and %SeO4 2– in the CMPX fraction were highest for MgO, thus, suggesting a possible formation of MgSeO3 0 and MgSeO4 0. A similar trend of SORB %SO4 2– and SORB %SeO4 2– was attributed to the analogous adsorption mechanisms (outer-sphere complexation). For all oxides but MgO, %SO4 2– was 〈%SeO4 2– in the SOLN fraction and ≥%SeO4 2– in the CMPX fraction. Comparative ionic distributions provide an overall picture of the relative abundance of different Se species in various fractions associated with different oxides present in micro- and macrolevels in soils and geological materials.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carriers of balanced translocations show an increased risk of infertility and spontaneous abortions, because of errors in gametogenesis, and constitute a significant fraction of patients seeking assisted reproduction. The objective of this study was to design approaches for preimplantation diagnosis of chromosome translocations and to apply such techniques to the selection of chromosomally normal or balanced embryos prior to their transfer to the mother’s womb. Three slightly different approaches were assessed by means of chromosome-specific, non-isotopically labeled DNA probes and an assay based on fluorescence in situ hybridization- to score and characterize chromosomes in single blastomeres biopsied from embryos on their third day of development. The three approaches were used for preimplantation genetic diagnosis involving four couples who had enrolled in our IVF program and in which one of the partners was a carrier of one of the following translocations: 46,XX,t(12;20)(p13.1;q13.3), 46,XY,t(3;4) (p24;p15), 45,XY,der(14;15)(10q;10q), and 46,XY,t(6;11) (p22.1;p15.3). A total of 33 embryos were analyzed, of which 25 (75.8%) were found to be either unbalanced or otherwise chromosomally abnormal. Only a single embryo could be transferred to patients A and D, whereas three embryos were transferred to patient B in a total of two IVF cycles. Transfer of two embryos to patient C resulted in an ongoing pregnancy. Re-analysis of non-transferred embryos with additional probes confirmed the initial results in 95% (20/21) of the cases. In conclusion, case-specific translocation tests can be applied to any translocation carrier for the selection of normal or chromosomally balanced embryos prior to embryo transfer. This is expected significantly to increase the success rates in IVF cycles of translocation carriers, while preventing the spontaneous abortion or birth of abnormal offspring.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Zea mays L.) production: (i) contour moldboard plowing (CP); (ii) ridge tillage (RT); (iii) natural grass barrier strips plus moldboard plowing (GCP); and (iv) grass strips plus ridge tillage (GRT). Eight successive corn crops were grown in limed and fertilized soil from 1992 through 1995. On a total land area basis (cropped area plus the area occupied by the grass strips), the 1995 mean grain yields for RT (10.8 Mg ha−1) and GRT (10.3 Mg ha−1) were significantly greater than yields for CP (10.0 Mg ha−1) and GCP (9.6 Mg ha−1). The corn grain yields for the CP and RT systems before 1995 ranged from 1.3 Mg ha−1 in 1992 to 8.4 Mg ha−1 in 1993, while comparable GCP and GRT yields ranged from 1.4 to 7.6 Mg ha−1. Excluding the area occupied by the grass strips, the GRT system had the highest 4-yr average corn yield (7.3 Mg ha−1) followed by the GCP (7.2 Mg ha−1), RT (6.9 Mg ha−1) and CP (6.7 Mg ha−1) systems. Yields improved during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons when the grass was not permitted to grow as tall. The combination of contour ridge tillage and contour grass strips has potential for sustaining crop productivity on highly erodible steepland soils in the humid tropics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Semigroup forum 92 (2000), S. 706-714 
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Triticum aestivum L.) yield, and to discuss stochastic approaches to help identify processes underlying yield variability in heterogeneous field sites. Modified grid sampling included 330 sites including a primary transect. Soil properties measured for the Ap, E if present, and upper B horizons at each site included pH, P, Zn, Cu, exchangeable cations, percentage base saturation, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, soil water contents at −10, −33, and −1500 kPa, texture, and humic matter content. Wheat grain and straw were hand-harvested on 1- by 2-m plots centered on each site. Soil water content on the primary transect was determined by neutron attenuation on nine dates. Field and primary transect means and semivariograms for a given soil or plant parameter were similar. The range of spatial dependence or autocorrelation of soil parameters ranged from 10 m for Ap horizon depth to 100 m for −1500 kPa water content of the Ap. Base saturation and available water storage capacity were cross-correlated with grain yield to a distance of ±15 and 12.5 m, respectively. State-space analysis was used to develop a grain yield model using these two variables. Spearman rank correlation of the soil water content data suggests that the temporal stability of soil water storage is less for shallow than for deeper soil layers.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To assess the impacts of land-use changes on plant-available water (PAW) and evapotranspiration (ET), volumetric water content (VWC) was measured to 8 m beneath three, adjacent ecosystems for four years (1991–1994). Estimates of PAW, ET, and deep drainage were generated for mature evergreen forest, adjacent pasture, and capoeira (second-growth forest on abandoned pasture land). PAW between 0 and 8 m depth for forest, pasture, and capoeira ranged from a low of 56, 400, and 138 mm at the end of the 1992 dry season to a high of 941, 1116, and 1021 mm during the 1994 wet season. We found significant differences in deep (4–8 m) stocks of PAW when comparing pasture with both forest types. In contrast, mature forest and capoeira PAW were not significantly different from one another at any depth during the experiment. In all three ecosystems available soil moisture from 4–8 m was depleted during the 1991 dry season by plant water uptake and was not recharged to 1991 levels until 1994 due to an intervening 2-year, El Niño Southern Oscillation event. Water balance estimates (based on measurements to 8 m) showed an average 10% decrease in ET from pasture compared to mature forest. Less than 15 years after pasture abandonment, ET in second-growth forest recovered to rates nearly equaling the mature forest rate. In seasonally dry environments annual and interannual cycles of deep soil moisture recharge and depletion influence rates of transpiration and drainage. These deep cycles are not currently incorporated in models of regional and global moisture flux.
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