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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary productivity and the prospects for biofuels in the United Kingdom (1983)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 27 (1983), S. 197-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of land use and plant productivity are combined to predict total annual primary production in the UK as 252 million tonnes dry matter (10.5 t ha−1yr−1). Annual above ground production is predicted to be 165 Mt (6.9 t ha−1yr−1). Within these totals, intensive agriculture contributes 60%, productive woodland 8%, natural vegetation 26% and urban vegetation 5%. However, only 25% of total plant production is cropped by man and animals, and most of this is subsequently discarded as wastes and residues. 2112 PJ of organic material is available for fuel without reducing food or fibre production, but since much of this could not be economically collected, 859 PJ is calculated as a more realistic biofuel contribution by the year 2000. After deducting 50% conversion losses, this could save P1 billion (1979 prices) in oil imports. Short rotation energy plantations, forest residues, coppice woodlands, animal and crop wastes, industrial and domestic wastes, catch crops, natural vegetation and urban vegetation all have immediate or short term potential as biofuel sources. Sensitive planning is required to reduce environmental impact, but in some cases more diverse wildlife habitats may be created.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184236
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental constraints on the growth, photosynthesis and reproductive development of Dryas octopetala at a high Arctic polar semi-desert, Svalbard (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 102 (1995), S. 478-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Arctic ; Climate change ; Dryas octopetala ; L. ssp. octopetala ; Clonal growth ; Reproductive output
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Opportunities exist in high Arctic polar semidesert communities for colonisation of unvegetated ground by long-lived clonal plants such as Dryas octopetala. This can be achieved by lateral spread of vegetative ramets, or by sexual reproduction and seedling recruitment. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether these two means of proliferation show differential sensitivity to contrasting components of the abiotic environment (temperature, soil nutrient and water availability) and (2) to evaluate the potential for D. octopetala to respond to climate change by an increase in cover and biomass in polar semi-desert communities. Factorial environmental manipulations of growing season temperature, soil nutrient and water status were conducted over 3 years at a polar semi-desert community in Svalbard, Norway (78°56.12′N, 11°50.4′E) and both clonal and sexual reproductive performance, together with instantaneous net photosynthesis (Pn), were recorded during the third season (1993). D. octopetala capitalised rapidly on an amelioration in the availability of inorganic nutrients (N, P and K) by an expansion in leaf area and biomass supported by increased Pn per unit leaf weight, and by apparent luxury uptake of nutrients (particularly P). Several facets of sexual reproductive development and seed viability were markedly improved by elevated temperatures or soil nutrient availability. Thus although D. octopetala is a long-lived clonal plant, with many traits characteristic of stress resistance syndrome, it showed considerable phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental manipulations. The results support the hypothesis that clonal growth confers survival potential during unfavourable years, together with the ability to capitalise on nutrient flushes and recycle nutrients internally. Continued investment in sexual reproduction ensures that seed setting is successful during favourable years, even if these occur infrequently. Cimate warming in the high Arctic could thus result in changes in the cover, biomass and the relative significance of clonal versus sexual proliferation of D. octopetala (and thus the genetic diversity of the population) but the long-term responses will probably be constrained by lack of available nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341360
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf carbon isotope discrimination and vegetative responses of Dryas octopetala to temperature and water manipulations in a High Arctic polar semi-desert, Svalbard (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 95 (1993), S. 463-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Arctic physiological ecology ; Carbon isotope discrimination ; Climate change ; Water-use efficiency ; Polar semi-desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Integrative ecophysiological and vegetative responses of Dryas octopetala were measured in response to field perturbations of temperature, precipitation and their interactions in a polar semi-desert in Svalbard, Norway (79°N, 12°E). Leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), total leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf development were determined for photosynthetic leaves collected during the last week of August 1991, after one season of manipulations. Individual leaf weight and the total mass of leaf tissue were significantly lower when water was added, irrespective of temperature regime. Leaf carbon isotope discrimination and estimated long-term c i/c avalues (the ratio of CO2 concentration in leaf intercellular spaces to that in the atmosphere) were significantly higher under all three field manipulation treatments, and Δ was significantly reduced when Dryas was grown under drought conditions in a related greenhouse study. Nitrogen concentrations of plants from the field experiment were significantly lower under warmed conditions regardless of water regime. Our results indicate that changes in environmental conditions in high arctic settings will result in alterations of Dryas leaf gas exchange, as expressed by increases in carbon isotope discrimination, which may be accompanied by shifts in leaf nitrogen content and leaf biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317428
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal hyphal length in litter ofDryas octopetala in a high-Arctic polar semi-desert, Svalbard (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mean fungal hyphal length was estimated in the surface horizons of a lithosol underDryas octopetala in a polar semi-desert ecosystem at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (78°56′N, 11°50′E). This site is the most northerly from which such values have been collected and provides the only record from polar semi-desert sites in the Eurasian high Arctic. Although mean (+SE) fungal hyphal length was the lowest recorded in surface horizons of northern tundra (23±1 mg−1), it was of he same order as results from a Canadian high-Arctic soil and Antarctic soils of high pH and low moisture and organic matter content, with little vegetation cover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876831
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal hyphal length in litter ofDryas octopetala in a high-Arctic polar semi-desert, Svalbard (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mean fungal hyphal length was estimated in the surface horizons of a lithosol underDryas octopetala in a polar semi-desert ecosystem at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (78°56′N, 11°50′E). This site is the most northerly from which such values have been collected and provides the only record from polar semi-desert sites in the Eurasian high Arctic. Although mean (± SE) fungal hyphal length was the lowest recorded in surface horizons of northern tundra (23±1 mg−1), it was of the same order as results from a Canadian high-Arctic soil and Antarctic soils of high pH and low moisture and organic matter content, with little vegetation cover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02388737
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on a sub-arctic forest heath ecosystem (1997)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 128 (1997), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Berries ; Branching ; Dwarf shrubs ; Ecosystem ; Elevated CO2 ; Enhanced UV-B radiation ; Growth ; Herbivory ; Leaf thickness ; Ozone ; Reproduction ; Sub-Arctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An experiment is described which studies the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation (simulating a 15% reduction in the Ozone layer) and elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2 (600 ppm) on the dwarf shrub layer of a sub-arctic forest heath ecosystem at Abisko, North Sweden. The experimental treatments were first applied in 1993, and have covered most of the snow-free season (late May to early September) 1993–1995. Effects of the treatments on the four dwarf shrub species have been recorded largely using non-destructive measures (Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium myrtillus – deciduous species and Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Empetrum hermaphroditum – evergreen species). Effects of the treatments on stem growth and leaf thickness have so far been small, although CO2 treatments initially stimulated stem extension in Vaccinium myrtillus 1993 and depressed growth in V. vitis idaea in 1994 and E. hermaphroditum during 1995. UV-B treatments stimulated fruit production in V. myrtillus in both 1994 and 1995, but there was no effect on reproductive phenology. There were also marked effects of UV-B treatments on insect herbivory in the deciduous dwarf shrubs; with leaf area loss being greater than the control in the UV-B treatment in V. myrtillus and less in V. uliginosum. The results point to the possibility of important effects of the treatments on physiological and chemical processes within the plants. The ecological results of such effects may not be immediately apparent, but may be far reaching, pointing to the need for long-term in situ experimentation in predicting the effects of these global change variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009771125992
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of UV-B radiation on European heathland species (1997)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 128 (1997), S. 253-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecophysiological responses ; Elevated CO2 ; Growth and phenology ; Heathland vegetation ; Precipitation ; UV-B radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on three examples of European shrub-dominated vegetation were studied in situ. The experiments were in High Arctic Greenland, northern Sweden and Greece, and at all sites investigated the interaction of enhanced UV-B radiation (simulating a 15% reduction in the ozone layer) with artificially increased precipitation. The Swedish experiment also involved a study of the interaction between enhanced UV-B radiation and elevated CO2 (600 ppm). These field studies were supported by an outdoor controlled environment study in the United Kingdom involving modulated enhancement of UV-B radiation in combination with elevated CO2 (700 ppm). Effects of the treatments on plant growth, morphology, phenology and physiology were measured. The effects observed were species specific, and included both positive and negative responses to the treatments. In general the negative responses to UV-B treatments of up to three growing seasons were small, but included reductions in shoot growth and premature leaf senescence. Positive responses included a marked increase in flowering in some species and a stimulation of some photosynthetic processes. UV-B treatment enhanced the drought tolerance of Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis by increasing leaf cuticle thickness. In general, there were few interactions between the elevated CO2 and enhanced UV-B treatments. There was evidence to suggest that although the negative responses to the treatments were small, damage may be increasing with time in some long-lived woody perennials. There was also evidence in the third year of treatments for effects of UV-B on insect herbivory in Vaccinium species. The experiments point to the necessity for long-term field investigations to predict the likely ecological consequences of increasing UV-B radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009782207376
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  • 8
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    Fungal hyphal length in litter ofDryas octopetala in a high-Arctic polar semi-desert, Svalbard (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0722-4060
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-2056
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Climate change has only a minor impact on nutrient resorption parameters in a high-latitude peatland (2006)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-25
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Seasonal climate manipulations have only minor effects on litter decomposition rates and N dynamics but strong effects on litter P dynamics of sub-arctic bog species (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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