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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Roccamonfina, part of the Roman Potassic Volcanic Province, is an example of a composite volcano with a complex history of caldera development. The main caldera truncates a cone constructed predominantly of this caldera may have been associated with one of the ignimbritic eruptions of the Brown Leucitic Tuff (BLT) around 385 000 yr BP. The Campagnola Tuff, the youngest ignimbrite of the BLT, however, drapes the caldera margin and must postdate at least the initial stages of collapse. During the subsequent history of the caldera there were several major explosive eruptions. The largest of these was that of the Galluccio Tuff at about 300 000 yr BP. It is likely that there was further collapse within the main caldera associated with these eruptions. It is of note that despite these subsequent major explosive eruptions later collapse occurred within the confines of the main caldera. Between eruptions caldera lakes developed producing numerous lacustrine beds within the caldera fill. Extensive phases of phreatomagmatic activity generated thick sequences of pyroclastic surge and fall deposits. Activity within the main caldera ended with the growth of a large complex of basaltic trachyandestite lava domes around 150 000 yr BP. Early in the history of Roccamonfina sector collapse on the northern flank of the volcano formed the northern caldera. One of the youngest major events on Roccamonfina occurred at the head of this northern caldera with explosive activity producing the Conca Ignimbrite and associated caldera. There is no evidence that there was any linkage in the plumbing systems that fed eruptions in the main and northern calderas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 22 (1980), S. 293-304 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A review of the statistical methods and their application to the planetary sciences is presented. Univariate and multivariate methods are used, with different sophistication levels, to the search for the relationships between samples and/or variables belonging to data coming from space missions. Some numerical expressions, which summarize the information in mathematical terms, such as the mean, the variance, and the coefficient of variation are the best known and most widely used to perform a preliminar analysis of a data set. Techniques of regression and trend analysis allow us to compare the reciprocal behaviour of different variables, each treated as an univariate one. Making inferences about the statistical parameters permits the determination of the range of the parameter values which are consistent with the information contained in the samples. Multivariate analysis is devoted to the study of multidimensional (i.e., of several variables) distributions of the samples. The analysis of the variance is a multivariate technique useful in investigating whether or not two or more groups of multivariate observations come from populations with the same mean value. The discriminant analysis provides a function for classifying multivariate observations into groups. One of the simpler factorial techniques is the principal-components method in which the original variables are associated in a ‘typical’ form that can be interpreted in terms of a genetic process. TheR-mode analysis is useful in identifying the number of important variables. TheQ-mode analysis permits us to group the observations providing clusters of samples. TheG-mode method, where the original multivariate distribution is transformed in a ‘univariate quasi-Gaussian’ distribution, can be applied to identify homogenous group of samples and to classify new samples on the basis of the general groups.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary finite elements model of the ground deformations observed at Phlegraean Fields is proposed. The model assumes an oblate-spheroid magma chamber at the depth of 5.4 km with major semiaxis of 1.5 km and minor semiaxis of 0.75 km. The dimensions of the magma chamber have been evaluated by using a thermal model based on the assumptions that a progressively cooling huge magmatic body is responsible for the volcanic activity at Phlegraean Fields in the last 35,000 years. Surface deformations caused by an over-pressure of 30 MPa in the magma chamber have been calculated. Constant, and temperature-dependent elastic parameters of the surrounding medium have been considered. Vertical displacements of the order of those presently observed at Phlegraean Fields can be obtained only with temperature-dependent elastic properties of the medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The problem of the conservation of ancient buildings is often the conservation of stone. The decayed stone is exfoliated and contains in general a relatively high quantity of gypsum. Fifty samples of deteriorated stones from buildings of the historic center of Florence were collected and examined. The gypsum percentage in the samples, determined by diffractometric analysis, varied between 0.5 and 10 per cent. The sulphur bacteria were in the range from 250 to 20,000 per g of stone. In spite of certain indications it is not possible to establish a direct correlation between gypsum content and number of sulphur bacteria.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The problem of the conservation of ancient buildings is often the conservation of stone. The decayed stone is exfoliated and contains in general a relatively high quantity of gypsum. Fifty samples of deteriorated stones from buildings of the historic center of Florence were collected and examined. The gypsum percentage in the samples, determined by diffractometric analysis, varied between 0.5 and 10 per cent. The sulphur bacteria were in the range from 250 to 20,000 per g of stone. In spite of certain indications it is not possible to establish a direct correlation between gypsum content and number of sulphur bacteria.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 22 (1980), S. 305-322 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have used theG-mode central method to classify sets of major oxide chemical data of lunar rocks (163 averages) and lunar glasses (921 separate analyses). These data were selected from the Lunar Data Base using the following criteria: (1) the amount of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, and K2O were measured by the same group of investigators and (2) the sum of these 8 major oxides was in the range 97.0–103.0 wt.% for the rocks and 99.0–101.0 for the glasses. TheG-mode central method attempts to recognize homogeneous sets or groups of samples within a raw data matrix. The original multivariate distribution is reduced to a set ofG values which follow a ‘quasi-Gaussian univariate’ distribution. Each of the homogenous groups consists of those samples that can be described by a specific normal distribution of the computedG values. We have followed previous suggestions and have not yet experimented with the effects of variations in estimates of precision, the nature of the distribution(s), or the influence of percentage formation on the recognition of homogenous groups. Fifteen groups of lunar rocks have been recognized but three of these groups are very small and certainly not homogeneous. All eight variables contribute to the recognition of the 12 retained groups (151 averages) with TiO2−Al2O3−FeO being the most effective ternary subset for the recognition and definition of these groups. A combination ofQ-mode cluster analysis (using all 8 major oxides and cos θ as the measure of similarity) and spatial position in the TiO2−Al2O3−FeO ternary allowed recognition of five families of the 151 retained lunar rock averages. Oxide wt.% and cation normative mean vectors are given for each of the 12 groups. We have assigned names to each of the families on the basis of comparisons with published information but these names are to be considered as descriptive andnot genetic. A total of 8 families and 16 groups of lunar glasses have been recognized and vector means for the oxide wt.% and cation percentage normative components are given along with the number of samples in each group and the percentage of the total number of retained samples (885) accounted for by each group. Again, names used to describe each group should not be considered as having genetic significance.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The local structure around the Ce substitutional defects has been investigated by Ce and Nd K-edge EXAFS on Nd2-x Ce x CuO $_{4\pm \delta}$ samples with different dopant concentrations (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) and oxygen amounts. The lattice distortion around the Ce $_{\rm Nd}^\bullet$ can be described as a shrinkage of the oxygen cuboid along the z crystallographic direction. Moreover, the CuO4 planes become corrugated. The lattice distortion is well localized and is largely independent of temperature and Ce and oxygen content. EXAFS measurements made at the Nd-K edge indicate that the local chemical environment of Nd is not distorted. The difference electron density maps, obtained from low temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction data, revealed three strong positive residuals which have been ascribed to cerium (at 0, 0, $z\cong 0.41$ ) and to two non equivalent oxygen apical positions O3 (at 0, 0, $z\cong 0.19$ ) and O4 (at 0, 0 $z\cong 0.24$ ). The electron population of O4 site, which is closer to cerium ( $d_{\rm Ce-O4} = 1.96$ Å), is 3-4 times the O3 one.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: cellular determination ; competence ; somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf tissues of 38 genotypes, derived from four accessions, of the hexaploid species Helianthus tuberosus (2n=6x=102) responded to growth regulators (BA, NAA) chiefly by forming callus, while aventitious organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis were induced occasionally. A remarkable regeneration frequency (about 30 %) was achieved only from leaves of genotype HTPI-15. Explants of many regenerated plants of HTPI-15 subjected to a second culture cycle in vitro displayed a high morphogenetic potential (regeneration frequency 〉 90 %). White globular structures were initiated on the adaxial surface of these leaves without a callus phase. Somatic embryogenesis was asynchronous and embryoids, of different developmental stage, were simultaneously detected on each explant. Although many embryos developed single or malformed cotyledons or germinated precocciously, without the differentiation of a complete root system, phenotypically normal plants were regenerated after rooting on regulator-free half-strength MS medium.
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