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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Algorithmica 23 (1999), S. 246-260 
    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: Key words. Suffix trees, Substring searching.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract. We discuss an intrinsic generalization of the suffix tree, designed to index a string of length n which has a natural partitioning into m multicharacter substrings or words . This word suffix tree represents only the m suffixes that start at word boundaries. These boundaries are determined by delimiters , whose definition depends on the application. Since traditional suffix tree construction algorithms rely heavily on the fact that all suffixes are inserted, construction of a word suffix tree is nontrivial, in particular when only O(m) construction space is allowed. We solve this problem, presenting an algorithm with O(n) expected running time. In general, construction cost is Ω(n) due to the need of scanning the entire input. In applications that require strict node ordering, an additional cost of sorting O(m') characters arises, where m' is the number of distinct words. In either case, this is a significant improvement over previously known solutions. Furthermore, when the alphabet is small, we may assume that the n characters in the input string occupy o(n) machine words. We illustrate that this can allow a word suffix tree to be built in sublinear time.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 37 (1981), S. 1213-1214 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mice treated for 4 days with tolbutamide displayed decreased serum glucose values with a concomitant decrease of their islet insulin content. Mouse islets cultured for 1 week at a low (3 mM) or a high (28 mM) glucose concentration contained less insulin than non-cultured islets and islets cultured at a medium (11 mM) glucose concentration. All groups of cultured islets contained more glucagon than non-cultured islets. The somatostatin content of high- and medium-glucose cultured islets was higher than that of freshly isolated islets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 35 (1979), S. 127-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The somatostatin content in pancreatic islets of obese-hyperglycemic mice was much lower than in the islets of normal mice. Also the release of somatostatin was decreased from the islets obtained from the obese-hyperglycemic mice. Tissue culture for 1 week changed neither the content of, nor the amount of somatostatin released from, the pancreatic islets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Corticosteroids; systemic effects ; plasma cortisol suppression ; white blood cell count ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The systemic effects of single and multiple doses of inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) and budesonide were examined in 24 healthy male volunteers (age range 18–29 years). The study was of an open, placebo-controlled, randomized, three-way crossover design. On each study day, multiple blood samples were taken over a 20 h period after drug administration (after a single dose and after the last of seven doses) and area under the curve (AUC0–20) for plasma cortisol and white blood cell (WBC) counts was calculated. Results: The present study shows that multiple dosing with FP 1.0 mg b.i.d. for 3.5 days (seven doses) resulted in a marked cortisol suppression from placebo which, at 55%, was more than double that seen with a single dose (25% suppression). Multiple dosing with budesonide 0.8 mg b.i.d. resulted in a 34% suppression in plasma cortisol compared with a suppression of 26% with a single dose. The increase in systemic activity of FP after multiple dosing is confirmed by both the number of subjects with 0800 hours plasma cortisol values below normal limits and by the changes in WBC and differential counts. Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm previous findings with regard to the more marked systemic effect of FP following multiple dosing as compared with a single dose. This increase in systemic effect from single dosing to multiple dosing is significantly greater for FP than for budesonide.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: morphine ; rectal administration ; i.m. administration ; gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis ; bioavailability ; plasma levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 21 healthy women undergoing gynaecological operations received rectal premedication with morphine 0.3 mg/kg body weight. Plasma concentrations of morphine were followed for 4 h by a GC/MS technique. In most patients the peak plasma concentration was reached after 30 min; the mean peak plasma level of morphine was 18 ng/ml (range 8.5–57 ng/ml). The bioavailability of rectal morphine was determined in 6 patients, who received an i.m. injection of morphine at a second operation. The mean bioavailability of rectal morphine was 31% (range 12%–61%). None of the patients showed any clinical sign of respiratory depression, and there was no increase in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension measured in 5 patients operated under spinal block.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Corticosteroids ; systemic effects ; plasma cortisol suppression ; white blood cell count ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The systemic effects of single and multiple doses of inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) and budesonide were examined in 24 healthy male volunteers (age range 18–29 years). The study was of an open, placebo-controlled, randomized, three-way crossover design. On each study day, multiple blood samples were taken over a 20 h period after drug administration (after a single dose and after the last of seven doses) and area under the curve (AUC0–20) for plasma cortisol and white blood cell (WBC) counts was calculated. Results: The present study shows that multiple dosing with FP 1.0 mg b.i.d. for 3.5 days (seven doses) resulted in a marked cortisol suppression from placebo which, at 55%, was more than double that seen with a single dose (25% suppression). Multiple dosing with budesonide 0.8 mg b.i.d. resulted in a 34% suppression in plasma cortisol compared with a suppression of 26% with a single dose. The increase in systemic activity of FP after multiple dosing is confirmed by both the number of subjects with 0800 hours plasma cortisol values below normal limits and by the changes in WBC and differential counts. Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm previous findings with regard to the more marked systemic effect of FP following multiple dosing as compared with a single dose. This increase in systemic effect from single dosing to multiple dosing is significantly greater for FP than for budesonide.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Pregnanolone ; Pharmacokinetics ; Premenstrual syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Pregnanolone is a 3α-hydroxylated-5β-reduced metabolite of the female sex steroid hormone progesterone. The compound is currently being evaluated for anaesthetic purposes. Previous studies have indicated a differential physiological response across the menstrual cycle and a different response in patients with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This study was undertaken to determine whether hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle influence pregnanolone pharmacokinetics and to compare PMS diagnosis-related differences in pregnanolone pharmacokinetics. Methods: Seven patients with premenstrual syndrome and seven female controls were given three increasing doses of pregnanolone in the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Results: Mean pregnanolone elimination half-life varied between 28.4 min and 31.8 min and clearance between 59.6 ml · min−1 · kg−1 and 64.0 ml · min−1 · kg−1, depending on diagnostic group and cycle phase. No significant differences in pregnanolone pharmacokinetic properties were found between PMS patients and controls in either phase of the menstrual cycle. Furthermore, no differences in pharmacokinetic variables were detected between cycle phases. Conclusion: Pregnanolone pharmacokinetics do not differ between follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, nor between PMS patients and control subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key wordsAcholeplasma laidlawii ; Phase equilibria ; Intact membranes ; Total lipid extracts ; Hydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Acholeplasma laidlawii strain A-EF22 was grown in a medium supplemented with 75 µm α-deuterated palmitic acid (16:0-d 2) and 75 µm α-deuterated oleic acid (18:1c-d 2), or with 150 µm 18:1c-d 2. The fatty acids were incorporated into the membrane lipids and 2H NMR spectra were recorded from intact membranes, total lipid extracts, and the combined glucolipid and neutral lipid fractions of a total lipid extract. The lipids in intact membranes form a bilayer structure up to at least 70 °C. The same result was obtained with membranes digested with pronase, which removes a large fraction of the membrane proteins. A reversed hexagonal liquid crystalline (HII) phase was formed below 70 °C by the total lipid extracts hydrated with 20 and 30% (w/w) water; in the presence of 40% (w/w) water only one of the extracts formed an HII phase below 70 °C. The HII phase was formed at higher temperatures with an increasing water content. However, only a lamellar liquid crystalline (L α ) phase was formed up to 70 °C by the total lipid extracts when the water concentrations were 50% (w/w) or higher. The temperature (T LH) for the L α to HII phase transition in the combined glucolipid and neutral lipid fractions was only 2–3 °C lower than for the total lipids, and the phospholipids thus have a very modest influence on the T LH value. Physiologically relevant concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions did not affect the phase equilibria of total lipid extracts significantly. It is concluded from comparison with published data that the membrane lipids of the cell wall-less bacterium A. laidlawii have a smaller tendency to form reversed nonlamellar phases than the membrane lipids of three bacterial species surrounded by a cell wall.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Fluticasone propionatei ; HPA-axis; bud esonide ; asthma ; children ; corticosteroids ; systemic effects ; plasma cortisol suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To compare the systemic potency of inhaled fluticasone propionate delivered via Diskhaler® (FP-DH), and inhaled budesonide delivered via Turbuhaler® (BUD-TBH) over the clinically recommended dose range using plasma cortisol suppression as a marker for systemic activity. Methods: The systemic potency was examined in a dose-response study in 81 healthy male volunteers. The study was of an open, randomized, parallel-group (four groups) design, where two treatments were given in crossover fashion within each group. FP-DH and BUD-TBH were given b.i.d. for 7 days (14 doses): 100 and 100 μg (group 1); 200 and 200 μg (group 2); 500 and 400 μg (group 3); 1000 and 800 μg (group 4). There was a washout period of 7 days within each treatment group. All doses were administered at 08:00 and 20:00 hours. Multiple plasma cortisol samples were taken every 2 h over 24-h periods prior to randomization (baseline) and during steady state (i.e., the last two dosing intervals). Cortisol suppression was determined by comparing average plasma concentrations of cortisol before and during treatment. Dose-response curves for cortisol suppression were analyzed using multivariate non-linear regression (Hill modeling). Results: Multiple dosing for 7 days with FP-DH and BUD-TBH resulted in dose-dependent cortisol suppression by both drugs, most pronounced at the two highest dose levels. FP-DH-induced suppression was 41% at 500 μg and 86% at 1000 μg b.i.d., while that induced by BUD-TBH was 19% at 400 μg and 47% at 800 μg b.i.d. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the two steroids at these two dose levels. Doses producing 50% of maximum suppression (ED50) were estimated at 833 μg b.i.d. for BUD-TBH and 479 μg b.i.d. for FP-DH. This gave an estimated relative cortisol suppression over the dose range of 1.74:1 (FP-DH:BUD-TBH). ED50 values, estimated from cortisol concentrations at 08:00 hours (12 h after the last dose), were 1212 μg b.i.d. for BUD-TBH and 527 μg b.i.d. for FP-DH giving a relative cortisol suppression of 2.30:1 (FP-DH:BUD-TBH). Fourteen subjects on the highest FP-DH dose and 3 at the next highest dose had morning plasma cortisol levels below the lower reference limit. No subject taking budesonide, however, had morning plasma cortisol levels below the reference limit. Analysis of the time for return to pretreatment baseline levels showed that cortisol suppression, 12–24 h after the last dose, was statistically significant compared with the baseline for the highest dose of FP-DH but not for any of the BUD-TBH doses. Conclusions: The results of the present study show that FP-DH suppresses plasma cortisol more than BUD-TBH on a equivalent basis with regard to both magnitude and duration.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of light and temperature on the phytoplankton succession in a temperate sea area was investigated in laboratory experiments with natural assemblages of micro-, nano-, and picoplankton collected from the northern Baltic Sea during 1989 and 1990. Respiration increased from 0 to 30°C in all groups of phytoplankton, while gross photosynthesis stabilised at 10 to 15°C. Light saturation occurred at 25 to 75 μmol quanta m-2 s-1, indicating low light adaptation of the algae. Picoplankton showed the strongest temperature response, and at temperatures above 10°C picoplankton obtained a higher biomass specific photosynthesis than that of the other groups. Different light treatments had no effect on the species composition in experiments with natural algal assemblages, while different temperature conditions had a marked effect. With a temperature increase from 0 to 10°C, the algal community changed from a typical spring community, with diatoms and dinoflagellates, to a summer community, dominated by mixotrophic nanoflagellates. The small, or often non-existing, autumn bloom in the sea area studied, can be explained by short day lengths combined with relatively high temperatures, causing high community respiration rates and low gross photosynthesis, resulting in a negative energy balance. The net energy gain depends on a differential temperature effect on gross photosynthesis and endogenous respiration in various plankton groups. This gives the phytoplankton groups diverse competitive advantages during different seasons and thus may be an important factor in controlling algal succession.
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