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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 103 (1996), S. 183-208 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The specific heatC(X, T) of quench-condensed films of H2 has been measured as a function of ortho concentration X with 0.28〈X〈0.75 for coverages between 24.3 and 92.3 Å−2 at temperatures between 0.4 and 3.0 K. The films were condensed on evaporated gold substrates held at several temperaturesT. cond between 1.0 and 3.5 K. The observed specific heat is attributed to orientational ordering of the ortho-H2 molecules. For the films withX = 0.74 condensed atT cond〉2.5 K, there is a peak which indicates a bulk-like ordering transition. At temperatures below the peak, there is a large contribution toC, which is not present in bulk H2, and which we attribute to short-range ordering size effects. AsT cond is decreased below 2.5 K, the shape of the specific heat curve changes, and the peak at 1.5 K is replaced by a gradual rise with a sharp drop above 2.6 K. Despite this strong dependence ofC onT cond, the entropy per molecule at 3 K is only weakly dependent onT cond and comparable to that for bulk H2. Film annealing at 3.4 K produces a change in the specific heat curve, and a study of this effect is presented. The ortho-para conversion rate of the films condensed at the various temperatures is found to be same as in bulk, well-annealed H2. As in bulk H2, the transition temperature inferred from the location of the specific heat peak or anomaly decreases withX. Unlike in bulk H2, there is no temperature hysteresis inC for any of the quench-condensed films. This implies that the ordering transitions are not accompanied by a martensitic transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 92 (1993), S. 107-125 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The heat capacity of quench-condensed normal- and para-hydrogen has been measured using ac calorimetry. The measurements were made at temperatures from 1.6 to 3.7 K on sapphire and evaporated gold substrates. The range of exposures studied was 0.24 to 3.3 Å−2, yielding estimated coverages from 0.07 to 2.5 Å−2. For reference, monolayer completion of H2 on graphite occurs at a coverage of 0.1 Å−2. For normal-hydrogen (n-H2) on a few of our sapphire substrates, the heat capacity as a function of temperature exhibits a peak at 1.8 K, followed by a rapid decrease. For then-H2 data on all other substrates, a negative slope is observed at the lowest temperatures measured, which is consistent with a peak below our temperature range. We attribute these effects to a bulk-like orientational ordering transition. The coverage dependence of the peak is not consistent with the predictions of a model of finite-size effects. We conclude that the dominant broadening of the peak is inhomogeneous. The desorption rate is deduced from the time dependence of the heat capacity and is found to agree with previously published values. The ortho-to-para conversion rate is comparable to that of bulk hydrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 109 (1997), S. 267-286 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The specific heat of 4He condensed on an evaporated gold surface has been measured for coverages between 0.007 and 0.096 Å−2 and temperatures between 0.4 and 3.0 K. There are at least two types of physisorption site on the gold surface with binding energies −83 ± 7 and −94 ± 7 K. For coverages below 0.06 Å−2 (∼0.5 monolayers), the 4He is a two-dimensional classical gas at sufficiently high temperatures. At lower temperatures and higher coverages, the 4He forms condensed phases, including liquids, solids commensurate with the gold lattice, and incommensurate solids. The phase diagram of 4He/evaporated gold is similar to that for 4He/graphite, but the phase boundaries are shifted and not well defined, nor is the diagram as rich in structure.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 109 (1997), S. 267-286 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The specific heat of4He condensed on an evaporated gold surface has been measured for coverages between 0.007 and 0.096 Å−2 and temperatures between 0.4 and 3.0 K. There are at least two types of physisorption site on the gold surface with binding energies −83±7 and −94±7 K. For coverages below 0.06 Å−2 (∼0.5 monolayers), the4He is a two-dimensional classical gas at sufficiently high temperatures. At lower temperatures and higher coverages, the4He forms condensed phases, including liquids, solids commensurate with the gold lattice, and incommensurate solids. The phase diagram of4He/evaporated gold is similar to that for4He/graphite, but the phase boundaries are shifted and not well defined, nor is the diagram as rich in structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Superconductivity ; ac losses ; Y-Ba-Cu-O ; Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have used a novel bolometric technique and a resonant technique to obtain accurate submillimeter and microwave residual loss data for epitaxial thin films of YBa2Cu3O7, Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10, and Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8. For all films we obtain good agreement between the submillimeter and microwave data, with the residual losses in both the Y-Ba-Cu-O and Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O films scaling approximately as frequency squared below ∼1 THz. We are able to fit the losses in the Y-Ba-Cu-O films to a weakly coupled grain model for thea-b plane conductivity, in good agreement with results from a Kramers-Kronig analysis of the loss data. We observe strong phonon structure in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O films for frequencies between 2 and 21 THz, and are unable to fit these losses to the simple weakly coupled grain model. This is in strong contrast to the case for other high-T c superconductors such as YBa2Cu3O7, where phonon structure observed in ceramic samples is absent in epitaxial oriented films and crystals because of the electronic screening due to the high conductivity of thea-b planes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 5 (1984), S. 1507-1515 
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: cold load ; blackbody ; Cosmic Microwave Background
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a cryogenic blackbody reference, or cold load for millimeter wavelength radiation. This blackbody has an emissivity ε γ 0.99 over a two octave wavelength range. We use it as a standard when calibrating sensitive infrared photometers. The particular geometry of the blackbody described is influenced by our application. The basic design data and philosophy are described so that other designs can be evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 7 (1986), S. 1835-1852 
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: SIS mixer ; mm-wave ; scaled modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several SIS quasiparticle mixers have been designed and tested for the frequency range from 80 to 115 GHz. The sliding backshort is the only adjustable RF tuning element. The RF filter reactance is used as a fixed RF matching element. A mixer which uses a single 2×2 μm2 Pb-alloy junction in a quarter-height waveguide mount has a coupled conversion gain of GM(DSB)=2.6±0.5 dB with an associated noise temperature of TM(DSB)=16.4±1.8 K at the best DSB operation point. The receiver noise temperature TR(DSB) is 27.5±0.8 K for the mixer test apparatus. This mixer provides a SSB receiver noise temperature below 50 K over the frequency range from 91 to 96 GHz, the minimum being TR(SSB)=44±4 K. Another mixer with an array of five 5×5 μm2 junctions in series in a full-height wave-guide mount has much lower noise temperature TM(DSB)=6.6±1.6 K, but less gain GM(DSB)=−5.1±0.5 dB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 2 (1981), S. 1083-1096 
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: refrigeration ; infrared detectors ; bolometers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators have been built and installed in small portable liquid helium cryostats to test the feasibility of this method of cooling infrared bolometric detectors to temperatures below 0.3K. Performance has been achieved which suggests that bolometer temperatures of 0.2K can be maintained for periods of ∼60 hours. Applications to sensitive infrared detection from ground based telescopes and space satellites are discussed. Design data are given which permit the evaluation of refrigerator performance for a variety of design parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 4 (1983), S. 689-706 
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: infrared detectors ; composite bolometers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Techniques are described for producing improved infrared bolometers from doped germanium. Ion implantation and sputter metalization have been used to make ohmic electrical contacts to Ge:Ga chips. This method results in a high yield of small monolithic bolometers with very little lowfrequency noise. When one of these chips is used as the thermometric element of a composite bolometer, it must be bonded to a dielectric substrate. The thermal resistance of the conventional epoxy bond has been measured and found to be undesirably large. A procedure for soldering the chip to a metalized portion of the substrate is described which reduced this resistance. The contribution of the metal film absorber to the heat capacity of a composite bolometer has been measured. The heat capacity of a NiCr absorber at 1.3K can dominate the bolometer performance. A Bi absorber has significantly lower heat capacity. A low-temperature blackbody calibrator has been built to measure the optical responsivity of bolometers. A composite bolometer system with a throughput of ∼0.1 sr cm2 has been constructed using our new techniques. In negligible background, it has an optical NEP of $$3.6 \cdot 10^{ - 15} W/\sqrt {Hz}$$ at 1.0K with a time constant of 20 ms. The noise in this bolometer is white above 2.5 Hz and is somewhat below the value predicted by thermodynamic equilibrium theory. It is in agreement with calculations based on a recent nonequilibrium theory.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 7 (1986), S. 543-553 
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: noise measurement ; microwave ; mm-wave ; cryogenically-cooled ; amplifier ; mixer ; SIS-mixer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have demostrated the use of cryogenically-cooled variable-temperature loads for accurate noise measurements of low-noise cooled amplifiers and mixers in the microwave and millimeter wave range. The input noise temperature of the amplifier or mixer can be measured with an accuracy of ±1 K or better.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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