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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase behavior of polyoxyethylene oleyl ether in water (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 106 (1997), S. 49-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyoxyethylene oleyl ether ; liquid crystal ; phase behavior of nonionic surfactant ; small-angle X-ray scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Phase behavior of penta-deca- and eicosa-oxyethylene oleyl ether in water were investigated. Differently from ordinary oleyl surfactants, the lipophilic chains of the present surfactants consist of pure oleyl group. The basic feature of the phase behavior extremely resembles that of pure polyoxyethylene hexadecyl ether systems although the solid present regions in the oleyl surfactant systems are very narrow due to the low melting point of oleyl group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189489
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray observation of AGN's from TENMA (1986)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 119 (1986), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the structure and mechanism of active galactic nuclei through X-ray observation, detailed energy spectra are examined with the gas scintillation proportional counters on board TENMA. For three selected objects, PKS 2155-304, Centaurus A and IC 4329 A, the observational results in the intensity variation, the spectral shapes and the iron line features are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00648843
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxide ion and electron mixed conduction in sintered oxides of the system Bi2O3-Pr6O11 (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 12 (1982), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Oxide ion and electron conduction in sintered oxides of the system Bi2O3-Pr6O11 have been studied. Two types of rhombohedral phase are formed in this system. Oxide ion conduction is predominant in the rhombohedralβ-phase present in the composition range less than 35 mol% Pr2O11/3. Electronic (hole) conduction appeared in addition to oxide ion conduction in another rhombohedral phase containing more than 40 mol% Pr2O11/3. This phase is of the LaOF-type which is a distorted defect fluoritetype structure. Electronic conduction in the LaOF-type phase is considered to be due to the change of oxidation state of praseodymium at high temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616907
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brightness distribution of diffuse soft X-rays (1979)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 61 (1979), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The brightness distribution of diffuse soft X-rays in the pulse height range 0.15–0.3 keV (L-band) and 0.5–0.8 keV (M-band) are obtained over a quarter of the sky centered at the galactic anticenter with 1.5 μm polypropylene window proportional counters on board a sounding rocket. In theL-band three enhanced regions are noticed on the map. They coincide with the northern and southern Hi holes and the inner part of the galactic radio Loop II. In the northern Hi hole theN H dependence of theL-band flux and the hardness ratioM/L can be fitted with a local hot plasma model with the absorption by a low velocity neutral hydrogen gas (|V|〈25 km s−1) along the line of sight. The X-ray feature of Loop II is similar to that of Loop I. In the lowN H region (〈3×1020 H atoms cm−2) theM/L value is lower than 0.3, whereas it varies in the range 0.1–0.4 at low latitudes (|b|〈300). This fact seems to be interpreted in terms of a model that a number of hot plasma clouds contribute to X-ray emission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645805
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESR study on the stability of W/O gel-emulsions (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 1166-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Gel-emulsions ; ESR spin-probe method ; order parameter ; isotropic hyperfine splitting constant ; correlation time ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract W/O gel-emulsions (high-internal-phase-volume-ratio emulsions) form in water (or brine) /tetraethyleneglycol dodecyl ether/heptane system above the HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) temperature of the system. A salt, which largely decreases cloud temperature in a water-nonionic surfactant system, makes the surfactant film rigid and the gel-emulsions hence become very stable. The effect of aded salt on the apparent order parameter “S”, and the isotropic hyperfine splitting constant “a N” in gel-emulsions was determined by the ESR spin probe method using 5-doxyl stearic acid as the spin probe. The apparent order parameter “S”, and the isotropic hyperfine splitting constant “a N” increase with increasing salinity in Na2SO4, CaCl2, and NaCl systems. It is considered that the surfactant molecules are tightly packed in these systems and this tendency is highly related to the stability of gel-emulsions. The salt dehydrates the hydrophilic moiety of surfactant and hence the lateral interactions of surfactant molecular layer at the water-oil interface increases. The observed difference in the apparent order parameter between the ordinary emulsions and the gel-emulsions suggests that most of the surfactant molecules are adsorbed at the oil-water interface (the surface of the water droplet) in gel-emulsions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652387
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubilization of oil in a mixed cationic liquid crystal (1999)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 277 (1999), S. 34-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Oil penetration ; Phase behavior ; Small-angle X-ray scattering ; Lamellar liquid crystal ; Cationic surfactant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The mixing fraction of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) in dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide + DDAB to produce a lamellar liquid crystal (L α) abruptly decreases upon addition of a small amount of m-xylene, whereas the mixing fraction becomes constant at high m-xylene content. Similar results were obtained in saturated hydrocarbon systems. It is considered that oil molecules in the surfactant palisade layer increases the effective cross-sectional area per surfactant head group, as, whereas as is constant if the oil molecules are solubilized in the core of the liquid crystal. The volume fraction of penetrating oil in the total solubilized oil is defined as a penetration parameter, Pe, which is calculated from small-angle X-ray scattering data. Pe is high in the m-xylene system, whereas it is low in the n-decane system. Even in the same oil system, Pe decreases dramatically with increasing solubilization. Hence, most of the oil added penetrates into a palisade layer at an early stage of oil addition. This causes a change in the mixing fraction of surfactant in the L α phase. Thereafter the oil is solubilized in the core of the bilayer with further addition of oil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050364
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-phase behavior in a mixed nonionic surfactant system (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 997-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: HLB temperature ; three-phase behavior ; microemulsions ; PIT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of monodisperse solubilities of each surfactant in an excess oil phase on the three-phase behavior was investigated in a water/octaethyleneglycol dodecyl ether (R12EO8)/tetraethyleneglycol dodecyl ether (R12EO4)/heptane system. The mid temperature of the three-phase region is defined as the HLB temperature. The HLB temperature is largely skewed to higher temperature in a dilute region due to the difference in the distribution of each surfactant between excess oil and microemulsion (surfactant) phases forming the three-phase body. Taking account of the monodisperse solubilities, the equation for the HLB temperature was obtained on the basis of geometrical calculation of a particular three-phase triangle. The equation well describes the three-phase behavior for a mixed surfactant system in a space of compositions and temperature. In the mixed surfactant system, the monodisperse solubility of R12EO8 in oil phase forming a three-phase body is monotonously increased with the rise in temperature, whereas that of R12EO4 is first increased and then is decreased. Consequently, the sum of both solubilities does not change greatly in a wide range of temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00654860
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase behavior of sucrose monoalkanoate in a water-long-chain alcohol system (1995)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 584-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Sucrose monoalkanoate ; lamellar liquid crystal ; small-angle x-ray scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Phase diagram of a water/sucrose monododecanoate (SE)/hexanol system was determined at 30°C. Aqueous micellar, reverse micellar, normal hexagonal liquid crystalline, and lamellar liquid crystalline phases appear in the phase diagram. The change in interlayer spacing and interfacial section area of surfactant in the liquid crystalline phases was investigated by small-angle x-ray scattering. Upon addition of water, the section area and the radius of cylindrical aggregates are almost constant in a hexagonal liquid crystal, whereas the distance between each cylinder is separated on the water-SE axis. The interlayer spacing slightly decreases or is almost unchanged on the surfactant-hexanol axis, because alcohol molecules penetrate into the palisade of bilayers. Although the average section area decreases with increasing alcohol content, each section area of SE and alcohol molecules are kept constant. Since the interfacial section area of alcohol is less than the section area of hydrocarbon chain, the phase transition from lamellar liquid crystal to reverse micelle occurs in an alcohol-rich region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00658689
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azeotropic-like (congruent melting) phenomena of lamellar liquid crystals (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 952-959 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Lamellar liquid crystal ; azeotropic point ; congruent melting point
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The binary system of water and didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDeAB), having a double hydrocarbon chain, was found to exhibit exhibit an azeotropic-like phase transition from lamellar liquid crystal to micellar solution. That is, the maximum limiting value of temperatures where the present system is allowed to exist in a lamellar liquid crystal corresponds to the socalled azeotropic point (AZP) or congruent melting point. At this temperature, the compositions of the liquid crystal and micellar solution phases become identical. Upon addition of a small amount of NaBr, the AZP shifts to a high temperature, but the point disappears above 0.375 wt% NaBr in water. The AZP is also increased by adding cholesterol. On the other hand, the transition enthalpies at AZPs are extremely small and almost constant, even if NaBr and cholesterol are added. The sharp DSC peak is observed in the presence of salt, whereas it is broad in the presence of cholesterol. It is considered that salt induces a closely packed state of the liquid crystal phase. Although cholesterol also has an ordering effect on the surfactant aggregates its hydrophobic property increases the phase transition temperature. The phase transition occurs due to a packing change of the hydrocarbon chains of DDeAB molecule from the lamellar to micellar states. The correlation between the movement of AZP and the phase behavior in the presence of salt is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00654855
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous phase behavior of water-soluble polyelectrolyte and oppositely charged surfactants (1999)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 277 (1999), S. 1117-1124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Adsorption manner ; Phase separation ; Resolubilization ; Electrostatic interaction and intraction ; Scaling law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous mixtures of anionic surfactants with cationically substituted quaternary ammonium derivatives of hydroxyethylcellulose, JR and LR series, were investigated by several techniques. On adding sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to a polyelectrolyte solution, phase separation with precipitation occurs in a co-operative way, and redissolution of precipitation is observed at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS. This is due to admicelle formation on the polyelectrolyte. The phase separation for the two-headed anionic surfactant systems is also seen, while the concentration where this takes place is near the CMC of the surfactant. This is remarkable in the case of the triethanolamine cocoyl glutamate (TCG)–JR 400 system, in which TCG has a CMC over 1 order of magnitude smaller CMC than that of SDS. Surface tension and the dynamic light scattering measurements show the existence of not only electrostatic interaction between the cationic polyelectrolyte and the two-headed anionic surfactant but also intraction between the adsorbed polymers. The scaling analysis of the precipitation line of the surfactant with polyelectrolyte concentration elucidates that one molecule of TCG can neutralize approximately two charges on JR 400.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050500
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