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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root production and turnover in an upland grassland subjected to artificial soil warming respond to radiation flux and nutrients, not temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 120 (1999), S. 575-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Root birth ; Root death ; Minirhizotron ; Soil temperature ; PAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Root demographic processes (birth and death) were measured using minirhizotrons in the soil warming experiments at the summit of Great Dun Fell, United Kingdom (845 m). The soil warming treatment raised soil temperature at 2 cm depth by nearly 3°C. The first experiment ran for 6 months (1994), the second for 18 (1995–1996). In both experiments, heating increased death rates for roots, but birth rates were not significantly increased in the first experiment. The lack of stimulation of death rate in 1996 is probably an artefact, caused by completion of measurements in late summer of 1996, before the seasonal demography was concluded: root death continued over the winter of 1995–1996. Measurements of instantaneous death rates confirmed this: they were accelerated by warming in the second experiment. In the one complete year (1995–1996) in which measurements were taken, net root numbers by the end of the year were not affected by soil warming. The best explanatory environmental variable for root birth rate in both experiments was photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) flux, averaged over the previous 5 (first experiment) or 10 days (second experiment). In the second experiment, the relationship between birth rate and PAR flux was steeper and stronger in heated than in unheated plots. Death rate was best explained by vegetation temperature. These results provide further evidence that root production acclimates to temperature and is driven by the availability of photosynthate. The stimulation of root growth due to soil warming was almost certainly the result of changes in nutrient availability following enhanced decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050892
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 reduces field decomposition rates of Betula pendula (Roth.) leaf litter (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 106 (1996), S. 525-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; N fertilization ; Decomposition ; Lignin/N ; Betula pendula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 and nutrient supply on elemental composition and decomposition rates of tree leaf litter was studied using litters derived from birch (Betula pendula Roth.) plants grown under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (ambient and ambient +250 ppm) and two nutrient regimes in solar domes. CO2 and nutrient treatments affected the chemical composition of leaves, both independently and interactively. The elevated CO2 and unfertilized soil regime significantly enhanced lignin/N and C/N ratios of birch leaves. Decomposition was studied using field litter-bags, and marked differences were observed in the decomposition rates of litters derived from the two treatments, with the highest weight remaining being associated with litter derived from the enhanced CO2 and unfertilized regime. Highly significant correlations were shown between birch litter decomposition rates and lignin/N and C/N ratios. It can be concluded, from this study, that at levels of atmospheric CO2 predicted for the middle of the next century a deterioration of litter quality will result in decreased decomposition rates, leading to reduction of nutrient mineralization and increased C storage in forest ecosystems. However, such conclusions are difficult to generalize, since tree responses to elevated CO2 depend on soil nutritional status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329711
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of nitrogen fertilisation and elevated CO2 on the lipid biosynthesis and carbon isotopic discrimination in birch seedlings (Betula pendula) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Betula pendula ; Nitrogen fertilisation ; CO2 concentration ; Carbon isotopic fractionation ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilisation and elevated [CO2] on lipid biosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) transplants were evaluated using seedlings grown with and without N fertiliser, and under two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (ambient and ambient+250 μmol mol-1) in solar dome systems. N fertilisation decreased n-fatty acid chain length (18:0/16:0) and the ratios of α-linolenate (18:2)/linoleate (18:1), whereas elevated [CO2] showed little effect on n-fatty acid chain length, but decreased the unsaturation (18:2+18:1)/18:0. Both N fertilisation and elevated [CO2] increased the quantity of leaf wax n-alkanes, whilst reducing that of n-alkanols by 20–50%, but had no simple response in fatty acid concentrations. 13C enrichment by 1–2.5‰ under N fertilisation was observed, and can be attributed to both reduced leaf conductance and increased photosynthetic consumption of CO2. Individual n-alkyl lipids of different chain length show consistent pattern of δ13C values within each homologue, but are in general 5–8‰ more depleted in 13C than the bulk tissues. Niether nitrogen fertilisation and elevated CO2 influenced the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination of the bulk tissue and the individual lipids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004771431093
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of tree leaf litters grown under elevated CO2: Effect of litter quality (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition rates ; enriched CO2 ; lignin ; litter respiration ; microcosms ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) leaf litters were monitored for decomposition rates and nutrient release in a laboratory microcosm experiment. Litters were derived from solar domes where plants had been exposed to two different CO2 regimes: ambient (350 μL L-1 CO2) and enriched (600 μL L-1 CO2). Elevated CO2 significantly affected some of the major litter quality parameters, with lower N, higher lignin concentrations and higher ratios of C/N and lignin/N for litters derived from enriched CO2. Respiration rates of the deciduous species were significantly decreased for litters grown under elevated CO2, and reductions in mass loss at the end of the experiment were generally observed in litters derived from the 600 ppm CO2 treatment. Nutrient mineralization, dissolved organic carbon, and pH in microcosm leachates did not differ significantly between the two CO2 treatments for any of the species studied. Litter quality parameters were examined for correlations with cumulative respiration and decomposition rates: N concentration, C/N and lignin/N ratios showed the highest correlations, with differences between litter types. The results indicate that higher C storage will occur in soil as a consequence of litter quality changes resulting from higher atmospheric concentrations of CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033948
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 and nutrient supply on the quality and subsequent decomposition of fine roots of Betula pendula Roth. and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C/N ratio ; decomposition rates ; elevated CO2 ; microcosms ; N fertilization ; root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fine root litter derived from birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plants grown under two CO2 atmospheric concentrations (350 ppm and 600 ppm) and two nutrient regimes was used for decomposition studies in laboratory microcosms. Although there were interactions between litter type, CO2/fertiliser treatments and decomposition rates, in general, an increase in the C/N ratio of the root tissue was observed for roots of both species grown under elevated CO2 in unfertilized soil. Both weight loss and respiration of decomposing birch roots were significantly reduced in materials derived from enriched CO2, whilst the decomposition of spruce roots showed no such effect. A parallel experiment was performed using Betula pendula root litter grown under different N regimes, in order to test the relationship between C/N ratio of litter and root decomposition rate. A highly significant (p〈0.001) negative correlation between C/N ratio and root litter respiration was found, with an r2=0.97. The results suggest that the increased C/N ratio of plant tissues induced by elevated CO2 can result in a reduction of decomposition rate, with a resulting increase in forest soil C stores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010479
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of air pollutant-temperature interactions on mineral-N dynamics and cation leaching in reciplicate forest soil transplantation experiments (1997)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 39 (1997), S. 295-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acidification ; aluminium ; Arrhenius’ law ; calcium ; cation leaching ; climate ; ion equilibrium ; forest soil ; N-cycle ; N-deposition ; nitrification ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Increased emissions of nitrogen compounds have led to atmosphericdeposition to forest soils exceeding critical loads of N overlarge parts of Europe. To determine whether the chemistry offorest soils responds to changes in throughfall chemistry, intactsoil columns were reciprocally transplanted between sites, withdifferent physical conditions, across a gradient of N and Sdeposition in Europe. The transfer of a single soil to the various sites affected itsnet nitrification. This was not simply due to the nitrificationof different levels of N deposition but was explained bydifferences in physical climates which influenced mineralizationrates. Variation in the amount of net nitrification between soiltypes at a specific site were explained largely by soil pH. Within a site all soil types showed similar trends in netnitrification over time. Seasonal changes in net nitrificationcorresponds to oscillations in temperature but variable time lagshad to be introduced to explain the relationships. WithArrhenius‘ law it was possible to approximate gross nitrificationas a function of temperature. Gross nitrification equalled netnitrification after adaptation of the microbial community oftransplanted soils to the new conditions. Time lags, andunderestimates of gross nitrification in autumn, were assumed tobe the result of increased NH 4 + availability due either tochanges in the relative rates of gross and net N transformationsor to altered soil fauna-microbial interactions combined withimproved moisture conditions. Losses of NO 3 - were associated with Ca2+and Mg2+ in non-acidified soil types and with losses ofAl3+ in the acidified soils. For single soils the ionequilibrium equation of Gaines-Thomas provided a useful approximationof Al3+ concentrations in the soil solution as a functionof the concentration of Ca2+. The between site deviationsfrom this predicted equilibrium, which existed for single soils, couldbe explained by differences in throughfall chemistry which affectedthe total ionic strength of the soil solution. The approach of reciprocally transferring soil columnshighlighted the importance of throughfall chemistry, interactingwith the effect of changes in physical climate on forest soilacidification through internal proton production, in determiningsoil solution chemistry. A framework outlining the etiology offorest die-back induced by nitrogen saturation is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005814929879
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil gas fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 beneath Lolium perenne under elevated CO2: The Swiss free air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 198 (1998), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; elevated CO2 ; FACE ; methane ; nitrous oxide ; trace gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fluxes of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide were measured from soils under ambient (350 µL L-1) and enhanced (600 µL L-1) carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) at the ‘Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment’ (FACE) experiment, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Eschikon, Switzerland in July 1995, using a GC housed in a mobile laboratory. Measurements were made in plots of Lolium perenne maintained under high N input. During the data collection period N fertiliser was applied at a rate of 14 g m-2 of N. Elevated pCO2 appeared to result in an increased (27%) output of N2O, thought to be the consequence of enhanced root-derived available soil C, acting as an energy source for denitrification. The climate, agricultural practices and soils at the FACE experiment combined to give rise to some of the largest N2O emissions recorded for any terrestrial ecosystem. The amount of CO2–C being lost from the control plot was higher (10%) than for the enhanced CO2 plot, and is the reverse of that predicted. The control plot oxidised consistently more CH4 than the enhanced plot, oxidising 25.5 ± 0.8 µg m-2 hr-1 of CH4 for the control plot, with an average of 8.5 ± 0.4 µg m-2 hr-1 of CH4 for the enhanced CO2 plot. This suggests that elevated pCO2 may lead to a feedback whereby less CH4 is removed from the atmosphere. Despite the limited nature of the current study (in time and space), the observations made here on the interactions of elevated pCO2 and soil trace gas release suggest that significant interactions are occurring. The feedbacks involved could have importance at the global scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004298309606
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of Eriophorum vaginatum in CH4 flux from an ombrotrophic peatland (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 265-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aerenchyma ; Eriophorum vaginatum L. ; methane ; peatland ; Sphagnum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vegetation composition was found to be an important factor controlling CH4 emission from an ombrotrophic peatland in the UK, with significantly greater (P 〈 0.01) CH4 released from areas containing both Eriophorum vaginatumL. and Sphagnum, than from similar areas without E. vaginatum. Positive correlations were observed between the amount of E. vaginatum and CH4 emission, with the best predictor of flux being the amount of below-ground biomass of this species (r 2 = 0.93). A cutting experiment revealed that there was no significant difference (P 〉 0.05) in CH4 flux between plots with E. vaginatum stems cut above the water table and plots with intact vegetation, yet there was a 56% mean reduction in CH4 efflux where stems were cut below the water table (P 〈 0.05). The effect of E. vaginatum on CH4 release was mimicked by the presence of inert glass tubes. These findings suggest that the main short-term role of E. vaginatum in the ecosystem is simply as a conduit for CH4 release. The longer-term importance of E. vaginatum in controlling CH4 fluxes through C substrate input was suggested by the positive correlation between the night-time CO2 and CH4 fluxes (r 2 = 0.70), which only occurred when the vegetation was not senescent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026573727311
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acidifying processes and acid-base reactions in forest soils reciprocally transplanted along a European transect with increasing pollution (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 41 (1998), S. 71-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: transplanted soils ; ion budgets ; soil solution chemistry ; mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Forest ecosystems are currently beingexposed to changes in chemical inputs and it issuggested that physical climate is also changing. Anovel approach has been used to study the effects ofionic inputs and climatic conditions on forest soilsby reciprocally exchanging lysimeters containingundisturbed soil columns beween four forest sites inEurope. The soil columns contained no living roots andsimulated a clear cut situation. The soils chosenrepresented different stages of acidification and weretaken from sites along a transect of increasingexposure to acidic and nitrogen pollution. The purposeof the study was to quantify the reactions of soilswhen transferred to different environments. Elementbalances were used as an aggregated indicator todescribe the reaction of the soil. The input of protonsin local throughfall increased along the transect from0.01 kmol ha-1 y-1H+ at the unpolluted site up to 1.10 kmolha-1 y-1 at the most pollutedsite. Our results show that soil acidification always resultedfrom a combination of acid deposition and biologicaltransformations of nitrogen through nitrification ofimported ammonium, mineralized N, or stored N. Thebalances indicate that between 54% and 91%of the soil acidification resulted from nitrificationprocesses which were driven by a complex reaction whenclimatic and pollution conditions were changedsimultaneously. The combined changes in atmosphicinputs and climatic conditions, as expected withglobal change, may have serious consequences for soilacidfication and long term organic matter turnover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005953302684
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of ammonium sulphate deposition and root sinks on soil solution chemistry in coniferous forest soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 38 (1997), S. 255-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: aluminium ; forest soils ; lysimeters ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The effects of enhanced (NH4 2SO4deposition on soil solution cation and anion concentrations and annualionic fluxes were followed using a standardised experimental protocolin six European coniferous forests with contrasting soil types, pollutioninputs and climate. Native soil cores containing a ceramic suction cupwere installed in the field, roofed and watered every two weeks withlocal throughfall or local throughfall with added(NH4)2SO4 at 75 kgNH4 +-N ha-1 a-1. Livingroot systems were established in half of the lysimeters.Untreated throughfall NH4 +-N deposition at thesites ranged from 3.7 to 29 kg ha-1 a-1Soil leachates were collected at two weekly intervalsover 12 months and analysed for volume, andconcentrations of major anions and cations. Increasesin soil solution NO3 - concentrations inresponse to N additions were observed after 4–9months at three sites, whilst one sandy soil with highC:N ratio failed to nitrify under any of thetreatments. Changes in NO3 - concentrationsin soil solution controlled soil solution cationconcentrations in the five nitrifying soils, withAl3+ being the dominant cation in the more acidsoils with low base saturation. The acidification responses ofthe soils to the (NH4 2SO4additions were primarily related to the ability of thesoils to nitrify the added NH4 +. pH and soiltexture seemed important in controllingNH4 + leaching in response to the treatments,with two less acidic, clay/clay loam sites showingalmost total retention of added NH4 +, whilstnearly 75% of the added N was leached asNH4 + at the acid sandy soils. The presenceof living roots significantly reduced soil solutionNO3 - and associated cation concentrations attwo of the six sites. The very different responses of the sixsoils to increased (NH4)2SO4deposition emphasise that the establishment of N critical loadsfor forest soils need to allow for differences in N storagecapacity and nitrification potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005875505591
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