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  • microcosms  (3)
  • sustainable development  (3)
  • Springer  (6)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Ecotoxicology in the Protection and Accumulation of Natural Capital (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: ecotoxicology ; sustainable development ; natural capital ; industrial ecology ; carrying capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three factors are likely to cause a major paradigm shift in the field of ecotoxicology: 1. heightened interest in sustainable use of the planet 2. increased recognition of the value of ecosystem services and natural capital 3. the consilience of ecology and industry via the rapidly developing field of industrial ecology. This manuscript provides a preliminary exploration of likely components of the paradigm shift.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008900418278
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replacing targeted compassion with multidimensional compassion: an essential paradigm shift to achieve sustainability (1998)
    Springer
    Speculations in science and technology 21 (1998), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9309
    Keywords: sustainable development ; carrying capacity ; resource allocation ; targeted compassion ; charismatic megafauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We are in the midst of a national, arguably global, debate about hunting and other means of controlling populations of deer and other animals that have greatly exceeded the carrying capacity of local and regional habitat. At one extreme are those who feel that, since humans have eliminated the large, natural predators, we are obligated to keep game species in balance with their environment. At the other extreme are those who value the lives of individual wild creatures and seek to prevent their destruction. Keeping in balance with nature is the essence of sustainability. This would permit the largest number of humans to occupy the planet over a long period of time. Properly managed sustainability should concomitantly make the planet more habitable for other species. The position taken in this discussion is that targeted compassion is inappropriate for sustainable use of the planet because it will not leave a habitable world for future generations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005353712405
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishing and maintaining laboratory-based microcosms of riffle insect communities: their potential for multispecies toxicity tests (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 175 (1989), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: artificial substrates ; microcosms ; riffle insects ; substrate selectivity ; toxicity testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine which of the following artificial stream designs would be most logistically simple yet effective in maintaining riffle insects during a 30 d bioassay: 1) static and no current (S-NC); 2) flow-through and no current (FT-NC); 3) static with current (S-C); or 4) flow-through with current (FT-C). Flow-through and current, when provided, were 12 ml min−1 and 30 cm sec−1, respectively. Streams were covered by emergence traps, and daylight equivalent lights provided a natural photoperiod. The four stream designs were evaluated in triplicate based on changes in insect species-abundances after 30 d. Test organisms were transferred to the artificial streams in rock-filled containers previously colonized for 30 d in a third-order mountain stream riffle. Additional colonized substrates were sampled immediately to provide an estimate of initial densities placed in the artificial streams. Hess samples were taken directly from the source riffle to evaluate how well the artificial substrates reflected species-abundances on the natural substrate. Adults were collected from the artificial streams every 48–72 h to determine the percentage of initial densities that emerged. After 30 d (7 Aug–6 Sept, 1986), all organisms remaining in the streams were censused. Designs were evaluated using combined densities of adults and young. Relative to benthic samples taken directly from the source riffle, the artificial substrates selected for collector-filterers and against collector-gatherers. The FT-C and S-C stream designs maintained most taxa at or above initial densities, and even in the FT-NC and S-NC streams densities of some taxa were not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from initial densities. Emergent adults comprised a large proportion of mayfly and chironomid densities and must be monitored during bioassays with aquatic insects. These results indicate that microcosms of riffle insect communities can be maintained for at least 30 d with moderate current and minimal flow-through.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008474
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing a statistical support system for environmental hazard evaluation (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 184 (1989), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: validation ; risk assessment ; microcosms ; toxicity tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Estimating the hazard or risk to both human health and the environment has been based almost exclusively on single species toxicity tests low in environmental realism and without validation of their accuracy in more complex systems. While this may be quite appropriate for humans in a large variety of circumstances, there is no substantive body of direct experimental evidence indicating that precise predictions of harm from hazardous materials can be extrapolated from single species laboratory tests (or even multispecies laboratory tests) to the more complex highly variable natural systems. Now added to the hazardous chemical assessment problem is the accidental or deliberate release of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment that have the additional capability of multiplying and expanding their numbers and also transferring genetic information to other organisms. This paper focuses entirely on hazard evaluation for organisms other than humans, namely predicting the potential risk or probability of harm to natural systems based on laboratory toxicity testing using single species. Not only will the basic risk assessment strategy itself be examined but also the question of determining the statistical reliability of various extrapolations from one level of biological organization to another. ‘For every complex problem, there is a simple, direct solution ... and it is invariably wrong!’ H. L. Mencken
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027022
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing a statistical support system for environmental hazard evaluation (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 184 (1989), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: validation ; risk assessment ; microcosms ; toxicity tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Estimating the hazard or risk to both human health and the environment has been based almost exclusively on single species toxicity tests low in environmental realism and without validation of their accuracy in more complex systems. While this may be quite appropriate for humans in a large variety of circumstances, there is no substantive body of direct experimental evidence indicating that precise predictions of harm from hazardous materials can be extrapolated from single species laboratory tests (or even multispecies laboratory tests) to the more complex highly variable natural systems. Now added to the hazardous chemical assessment problem is the accidental or deliberate release of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment that have the additional capability of multiplying and expanding their numbers and also transferring genetic information to other organisms. This paper focuses entirely on hazard evaluation for organisms other than humans, namely predicting the potential risk or probability of harm to natural systems based on laboratory toxicity testing using single species. Not only will the basic risk assessment strategy itself be examined but also the question of determining the statistical reliability of various extrapolations from one level of biological organization to another. ‘For every complex problem, there is a simple, direct solution ... and it is invariably wrong!’ H. L. Mencken
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02392950
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrobiologia, Malthus, exemptionalism and the risk/uncertainty paradox (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 384 (1998), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: exemptionalism ; risk ; Malthus ; sustainable development ; carrying capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrobiologia, with which I have had a long association, is celebrating its 50th anniversary in 1998. This year is also the 200th anniversary of Robert Malthus' still hotly debated publication on overpopulation. Readers of Hydrobiologia know well the impacts on the water resource of a growing human population, increased per capita affluence, major industrialization over much of the planet, and the explosion of new technologies that have effects on the water resource. Those concerned with the integrity and condition of water resources should be deeply involved in the debate on the exemption of human society from the biophysical laws of nature and its dependence on the life support services of ecosystems. Arguably, water resources will be the main battleground on which this debate is resolved. This discussion is a preliminary exploration of the primary issues. Even though the word water does not appear frequently in this paper, the connection to our profession and the future of the hydrobiological ecosystem and Hydrobiologia is present in every page.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003299311656
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