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  • Articles  (8)
  • pharmacokinetics  (6)
  • Phosphate
  • Striation pattern
  • Springer  (8)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Fluoride ; Tooth ; Enamel ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les surfaces d'émail dentaire sont confrontées avec des solutions de calcium et phosphate, qui y recirculent. Les réactions cinétiques au niveau des surfaces en calcium, phosphate, fluorure et ions hydrogène sont déterminées dans des solutions à concentrations en ions fluor constantes (0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.250 ou 0.500 mM/l) et/ou à pH constant (6.8, 7.0, 7.2 ou 7.4). Les vitesses de réactions des ions calcium, phosphate, hydrogène et fluorures augmentent dans les conditions suivantes: 1) augmentation de la surface d'émail, 2) augmentation des vitesses d'écoulement au niveau des surfaces, 3) augmentation du pH de la solution et 4) augmentation de la concentration en ion fluorure. Les vitesses presque proportionnelles des réactions mesurées simultanément indiquent la formation de minéraux apatitiques à la surface de l'émail pendant tout le temps de contact solide-solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Oberflächen von Zahnschmelz wurden mit konstant zirkulierenden Lösungen, welche Calcium und Phosphate enthielten, equilibriert. Die kinetischen Oberflächenreaktionen von Calcium-, Phosphat-, Fluori- und Wasserstoff-Ionen wurden in Lösungen mit konstanten Fluoridkonzentrationen (0,012, 0,025, 0,050, 0,250 oder 0,500 mM/l) und/oder konstantem pH (6,8, 7,0, 7,2 oder 7,4) bestimmt. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten dieser Ionen an der Grenze zwischen fester und flüssiger Phase erhöhten sich unter folgenden Bedingungen: 1. Vergrößerung der Schmelzoberfläche; 2. Erhöhung der Geschwindigkeit der der Oberfläche zugeführten Lösungen; 3. Erhöhung des pH der Lösung; 4. Erhöhung der Fluoridionenkonzentration in der Lösung. Die beinahe proportionalen Geschwindigkeiten der gleichzeitig gemessenen Reaktionen deuteten darauf hin, daß auf den Schmelzoberflächen während der ganzen Equilibrierungszeit Apatitminerale gebildet wurden.
    Notes: Abstract Surfaces of tooth enamel were interfaced with recirculating solutions containing calcium and phosphate. The kinetic interfacial reactions of calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ions were determined in solutions of constant fluoride ion concentrations (0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.250, or 0.500 mM/l) and /or constant pH (6.8, 7.0, 7.2, or 7.4). The rates of the calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ion reactions at the solid-solution interface increased under the following conditions: (1) increase of the enamel surface area; (2) increase of the rates of solution flow to the interface; (3) increase of solution pH; and (4) increase of the solution fluoride ion concentration. The nearly proportional rates of the concurrently measured reactions indicated the formation of apatitic minerals on the enamel surfaces throughout the time of solid-solution interface.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 315-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; cirrhotic patients ; ascitic fluid ; diuretic effect ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of furosemide was studied in 7 patients with diagnosed liver cirrhosis and in 7 healthy subjects. Furosemide in plasma and ascitic fluid was analyzed spectrofluorometrically. After a single intravenous dose, the cirrhotic patients showed lower initial plasma concentrations of furosemide because of the larger volume of distribution. The mean half-life in cirrhotic patients was significantly greater than in healthy volunteers. The longer half-life was associated with a reduction in the serum clearance of furosemide. Ascitic fluid volume in the patients ranged from 4.6 to 7.71. There was no significant amount of furosemide in the fluid. The diuretic interchange between this fluid and plasma was slow, as peak concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 µg/ml within 3 to 5 h after bolus administration of furosemide. Diuresis and urinary sodium excretion, 5 h after furosemide injection, were similar in both groups; larger potassium excretion was found in the cirrhotic patients.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phosphomycin ; pharmacokinetics ; impaired renal function ; “skin blister” ; interstitial fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The entry and persistence of phosphomycin in interstitial tissue fluid (ITF) were studied in 9 patients with normal renal function and 8 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment, all of whom received a single i.v. dose of 30 mg/kg. ITF was obtained from skin blisters produced by suction. The antibiotic followed a two-compartment open kinetic model. In patients with normal renal function, phosphomycin is incorporated rapidly into the ITF reaching a level of 60.4 µg/ml 60 min after administration. There was no statistically significant difference between the elimination rates from serum and ITF. The serum half-life of the slow disposition phase was 1.75 h in patients with normal renal function. There was a linear correlation between the elimination half-life of phosphomycin in serum and ITF in subjects with differing degrees of renal impairment.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 42 (1992), S. 671-673 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nifurtimox ; Changas' disease ; renal failure ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of nifurtimox, a drug used in the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infections, has been studied in seven patients with chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis, and in seven healthy subjects. Each subject took nifurtimox 15 mg·kg−1 orally and blood samples were obtained for 10 h after administration. Nifurtimox in serum was analyzed by HPLC. The patients with chronic renal failure had a higher Cmax than the control subjects due to a change in systemic availability. An alternative explanation would be that both the distribution volume and the clearance had changed. The mean half-life in the patients with chronic renal failure was similar to that in the healthy subjects.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Invertebrates ; Sabellastarte magnifica ; Striation pattern ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As described in other invertebrate muscles, most thick myofilaments of the dorsal longitudinal muscle of Sabellastarte magnifica appear to be obliquely arranged with respect to the longitudinal axis of the myofibrils. Some sections, however, show long bundles of myofilaments parallel to the longitudinal axis of the myofibrils. Since the oblique striation concept cannot account for such images, a different (longitudinal) arrangement is proposed for Sabellastarte which can account for all observed images. A wax and threads model built according to this arrangement has been used to demonstrate that by oblique sectioning the longitudinal model can generate a false appearance of filament obliquity.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: immunoadsorption ; pharmacokinetics ; extracorporeal ; monoclonal antibody ; compartmental model ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracorporeal immunoadsorption is a new technique for removal of circulating radiolabeled antibody from the peripheral blood (1) to reduce background activity for improved tumor imaging, and (2) to reduce whole-body and marrow toxicity when high doses of radiolabeled antibodies are used for antitumor therapy. A pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe plasma disappearance of111In -KC-4G3 prior to, during, and after immunoadsorption in humans. The model is developed based on a two-compartment open model, and during immunoadsorption a third compartment is added for removed radioactivity by the immunoadsorption column. Goodness-of-fit statistics indicate a good fit of the model to the data. The resulting pharmacokinetic parameters for a selected patient are V1=2.64L, Vss=3.64 L, t1/2α=3.77hr, and t1/2β hr. The immunoadsorption clearance (CL1A=19.3 ml/min) was 21-fold greater than the patient's plasma clearance (CL10=0.899 ml/min), indicating a very effective immunoadsorption process. The model predicts an increase in plasma radioactivity upon termination of immunoadsorption, probably due to redistribution of radioactivity from the extravascular compartment to the plasma in response to the rapid decline in plasma radioactivity during immunoadsorption. Two series of simulations were performed to examine the influence of onset time and duration of immunoadsorption. In series one the onset time was varied and in series two immunoadsorption duration was varied. In series one, the predicted radioactivity amounts adsorbed by the immunoadsorption column ranged from 75% of the injected dose (4-hr onset) to 52% of the injected dose (24-hr onset). In series two, immunoadsorbed radioactivity ranged from 32% (2-hr duration) to 64% of the injected dose (12-hr duration). When instituted as early as 4 hr, the predictions suggest that earlier immmoadsorption onset improves the effectiveness of radioactivity removal, relating to higher early circulation concentrations, and longer immunoadsorption periods remove more radioactivity, but also result in larger predicted radioactivity redistribution from tissue to plasma. To employ the immunoadsorption procedure for tumor imaging and therapy optimally, the data and our predictions indicate that a compromise must be made that will balance immunoadsorption onset and duration against tumor radioactivity uptake and subsequent radioactivity redistribution from tissues back to plasma. Together with biologic considerations providing sufficient antigenantibody interaction and dependent on the utilized radioisotope, these data support the utility of extracorporeal immunoadsorption during the radioimmunodetection of cancer and for future therapeutic applications.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: potassium chloride ; sustained-release tablet ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bioavailability of a new sustained-release potassium chloride (KC1) tablet, designed for once-a-day dosing, was compared to a KC1 elixir using urinary excretion data. The study utilized 25 male volunteers dosed in a crossover design in a dietary/activity-controlled environment. The regimens consisted of a total of 80 mEq of potassium in three equally divided doses of elixir every 6 hr and a single 80-mEq dose using four 20-mEq sustained-release (SR) tablets. The mean time to maximum rate of potassium urinary excretion was 2.2 hr for the first elixir dose and 5.5 hr after the SR tablet (P 〈 0.01), thereby supporting the prolonged-release properties of this formulation. After correction for baseline urinary potassium excretion, the mean total 24-hr urinary potassium excretion was 42.18 mEq for the elixir and 40.41 mEq for the SR tablet. The results indicate that the absorption pattern from the SR tablet is equal to three doses of KC1 elixir dosed 6 hr apart.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: theophylline ; ranitidine ; Heidelberg capsule ; gastric pH ; pharmacokinetics ; absorption ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Prior to evaluating the effect of ranitidine on theophylline absorption from a sustained-release theophylline tablet, the effect of ranitidine on the time course of gastric pH in 12 healthy subjects was evaluated with an encapsulated radio-telemetry device (Heidelberg capsule). Gastric pH was measured hourly from 7 AM to 1 PM prior to beginning ranitidine treatment at 2 PM (150 mg every 4 hr for eight doses). The next day, pH was again measured hourly from 7 AM to 7 PM. Subjects fasted overnight and remained fasted until lunch at 11 AM. Prior to ranitidine treatment, the mean morning gastric pH remained between 1.5 and 2.2. After lunch, the pH increased to 2.2–2.3. During ranitidine treatment the mean morning gastric pH measurements were 5.5 to 5.8, decreasing after lunch to 3.1 by 4 PM and increasing to 3.9 at 7 PM. One week later the subjects participated in a three-way crossover theophylline bioavailability study receiving at weekly intervals, single doses at 7 AM of (a) 5 × 100-mg immediate-release tablets, (b) 2 × 300-mg sustained-release theophylline tablets, and (c) 2 × 300-mg sustained-release theophylline tablets after ranitidine pretreatment of 150 mg every 4 hr beginning at 2 PM the previous day. The increase in gastric pH with ranitidine had no effect (P 〉 0.05) on the rate and extent of absorption or on the elimination rate of theophylline.
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