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  • compressibility factor  (3)
  • PAN  (1)
  • Springer  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of Trace Substances in the Arctic Troposphere as Potential Precursors and Constituents of Arctic Haze (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 34 (1999), S. 291-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: arctic air pollution ; precursor substances ; vertical profiles ; ozone ; PAN ; SO2 ; gaseous HNO3 ; particulate nitrate ; sulfate ; ammonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During two measuring campaigns in early spring 1994 and 1995 (March/April) and one campaign in summer 1994, measurements of ozone, PAN, sulfur dioxide, nitric acid, and particulate nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium (only 1995) were recorded in the Arctic. Observations were made by aircraft at various sites in the eastern and western Arctic. Ozone concentrations showed a steady increase with altitude both in spring and summer. During five flights in springtime, low ozone events (LOEs) could be observed near the surface and up to altitudes of 2000 m. SO2 background concentrations, ranging from detection limit (0.5 nmol/m3) to 5 nmol/m3, were observed during both spring and summer. Distinct maxima up to 55 nmol/m3 in lower altitudes were only obtained in springtime. Concentrations of the organic nitrate PAN were within a similar range as those of the inorganic nitrate HNO3 during spring campaigns. In contrast, concentrations of particulate nitrate were one half an order of magnitude lower. HNO3 concentrations increased significantly with altitude. Evidently, HNO3 was intruded from the stratosphere into the troposphere. Sulfate concentrations ranged between 5 and 30 nmol/m3; ammonium concentrations were obtained within a range from 10 to 50 nmol/m3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006277230042
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of the compressibility factor of natural gases based on the calorific value and the specific gravity (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: calorific value ; compressibility factor ; equation of state ; natural gas ; mixtures ; specific gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The measurement of large volume flows of natural gas in transmission lines requires an accurate equation of state for pressures up to about 12 MPa and in the temperature range from 265 to 335 K. If a detailed analysis of the gas mixture is available, one of the possibilities is to use the virial equation of state. However, such a gas analysis is time-consuming and expensive and, therefore, not always practical. We have developed a new equation which is based on the virial equation but requires limited input data. In general, for any given natural gas, the gross calorific value, the specific gravity, and the mole fractions of nitrogen and carbon dioxide are known. It will be shown that a knowledge of three of these four quantities is sufficient for an accurate prediction of the compressibility factor of the natural gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503866
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GERG round-robin test of Z-meters, a Burnett apparatus, and an interferometric device for pVT measurements (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 157-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Burnett apparatus ; compressibility factor ; density ; ethane ; methane ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; refractive index ; Z-meter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The European Gas Research Group (GERG; Groupe Européen de Recherches Gazières) initiated a round-robin test of six Z-meters manufactured by Desgranges et Huot, a Burnett apparatus, and an interferometric device to back up the pVT data of the Z-meters. Two gas mixtures were measured. One mixture contained 49.7 mol% of methane and 50.3 mol% of nitrogen; the second mixture 81.3 mol% of methane, 16.4 mol% of ethane, and 2.3 mol% of propane. The test temperatures were mainly 280 and 300 K for the first mixture and 290 and 320 K for the second mixture. The maximum pressures were 8 MPa for Z-meters and 12 MPa for the Burnett apparatus and the grating interferometer. The experimental compressibility factors Z of the six Z-meters are generally in agreement within ±0.05%. The agreement with the reference data from the Burnett apparatus and the refractive index measurements is also within ± 0.05%. Only two isotherms of the binary mixtures differ by about 0.1% from the other data. Recent natural gas measurements show substantially the same results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503867
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the interaction second virial coefficients for the carbon dioxide-ethane system from refractive index measurements (1987)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; ethane ; Lorentz-Lorenz law ; mixtures ; refraction virial coefficient ; interaction second virial coefficient ; compressibility factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compressibility behavior of the CO2-C2H6 system was investigated experimentally. In this work, the refractive indexes of the pure gases and the mixtures were measured using an optical apparatus. On the basis of these data, density and compressibility factors were computed using the Lorentz-Lorenz law. For the pure components, carbon dioxide and ethane, the data from the optical system were slightly adjusted by a fit to Burnett apparatus data measured separately. The experiments produced very accurate virial coefficients and refraction virial coefficients. This paper reports on the effect of temperature on the second and third virial coefficients. For the first refraction virial coefficient, no influence of temperature was found with the equipment used. The interaction second virial coefficient B 12 (as a function of temperature) was computed from experimental data for the CO2-C2H6 binary system. The data, for which an accuracy of ±1.5 cm3 · mol−1 was estimated, are in agreement with the data published by Holste et al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503226
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