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  • Helmert condensation  (1)
  • Key words. Atmospheric correction  (1)
  • Key words. Vertical datums  (1)
  • Springer  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the indirect effect in the Stokes–Helmert method of geoid determination (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 73 (1999), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Geoid ; Helmert condensation ; Indirect effect ; Remove ; restore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The classical integral formula for determining the indirect effect in connection with the Stokes–Helmert method is related to a planar approximation of the sea level. A strict integral formula, as well as some approximations to it, are derived. It is concluded that the cap- size truncated integral formulas will suffer from the omission of some long-wavelength contributions, of the order of 50 cm in high mountains for the classical formula. This long-wavelength information can be represented by a set of spherical harmonic coefficients of the topography to, say, degree and order 360. Hence, for practical use, a combination of the classical formula and a set of spherical harmonics is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050222
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unification of vertical datums by GPS and gravimetric geoid models with application to Fennoscandia (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 72 (1998), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Vertical datums ; Unification ; GPS ; Geoid ; Fennoscandia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The second Baltic Sea Level (BSL) GPS campaign was run for one week in June 1993. Data from 35 tide gauge sites and five fiducial stations were analysed, for three fiducial stations (Onsala, Metsähovi and Wettzell) fixed at the ITRF93 system. On a time-scale of 5 days, precision was several parts in 109 for the horizontal and vertical components. Accuracies were about 1 cm in comparison with the International GPS Geodynamical Service (IGS) coordinates in three directions. To connect the Swedish and the Finnish height systems, our numerical application utilises three approaches: a rigorous approach, a bias fit and a three-parameter fit. The results between the Swedish RH70 and the Finnish N 60 systems are estimated to −19.3 ± 6.5, −17 ± 6 and −15 ± 6 cm, respectively, by the three approaches. The results of the three indirect methods are in an agreement with those of a direct approach from levelling and gravity measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050149
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The IAG approach to the atmospheric geoid correction in Stokes' formula and a new strategy (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 73 (1999), S. 362-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Atmospheric correction ; Atmospheric gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The well-known International Association of Geodesy (IAG) approach to the atmospheric geoid correction in connection with Stokes' integral formula leads to a very significant bias, of the order of 3.2 m, if Stokes' integral is truncated to a limited region around the computation point. The derived truncation error can be used to correct old results. For future applications a new strategy is recommended, where the total atmospheric geoid correction is estimated as the sum of the direct and indirect effects. This strategy implies computational gains as it avoids the correction of direct effect for each gravity observation, and it does not suffer from the truncation bias mentioned above. It can also easily be used to add the atmospheric correction to old geoid estimates, where this correction was omitted. In contrast to the terrain correction, it is shown that the atmospheric geoid correction is mainly of order H of terrain elevation, while the term of order H 2 is within a few millimetres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050254
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