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  • Eucalyptus  (4)
  • Eucalyptus globulus  (4)
  • Springer  (8)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fruiting of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi under blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) plantations of different ages in Western Australia (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1999), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Blue gum plantation ; Ectomycorrhizal fungus sporocarps ; Species richness ; Eucalyptus globulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The species richness of putative ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi fruiting in blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) plantations in Western Australia was investigated in relation to plantation age. Eleven plantations, 1–8 years old, were selected for study and two native Eucalyptus forest sites in the same region were chosen for comparison. Sporocarps of 44 species of putative EM fungi were collected from the 13 sites. Of these, 30 species were found in blue gum plantations. The number of fungal species was highly positively correlated with plantation age and inversely correlated with soil pH. Young plantations (1–5 years) had 2–9 fungal species and were overwhelmingly dominated by species of Laccaria and Scleroderma. In older plantations (6–8 years), the relative abundance of sporocarps of each species within the fungal community decreased, accompanied by an increase in the number of fungal species (12–17 per site). A brief survey of the two native eucalypt forests in this region revealed a much higher number of fungal species than that observed in plantations. In plantations, species of Descolea, Laccaria, Pisolithus and Scleroderma typically fruited in young plantations. Species of epigeous fungi of the genera Boletus, Cortinarius, Hydnum, Inocybe, Lactarius, Paxillus, Russula and hypogeous fungi, including species of Descomyces, Hysterangium and Mesophellia, were found only in older plantations, or in native forests. Some of the fungi that fruit in young plantations are now being evaluated for use in commercial spore inoculation programs to increase the species diversity of EM fungi in exotic eucalypt plantations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050242
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro synthesis of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus ectomycorrhizae: synchronization of lateral tip emergence and ectomycorrhizal development (1996)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 6 (1996), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhizal development ; Eucalyptus ; Pisolithus ; Synthesis system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A simple and reproducible in vitro system is described for the synthesis of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhizae. Hyphal discs from actively growing colonies were placed in large petri dishes containing minimum nutrient agar overlaid with cellophane and allowed to grow for 7 days. Seeds were then surface sterilized and placed above the expanding fungal colonies and the plates slanted. Seedlings that germinated and grew in the presence of fungal hyphae had twice as many lateral root tips as seedlings that germinated before they were transferred onto hyphal mats. In addition, the lateral root tips of inoculated seedlings had a faster maturation rate and emerged closer to the primary root apex than non-inoculated seedlings. All lateral tips emerged in contact with fungal hyphae and the differentiation of ectomycorrhizae was followed by examining lateral tips basipetally along a single primary root. Typical ectomycorrhizae had formed on 4-day-old lateral tips, i.e. a mantle, radially elongated epidermal cells and a Hartig net commencing about 0.3 mm behind the lateral root apex. Thereafter, the mantle continued to thicken and the apical meristem diminished. The Hartig net often surrounded the apex of 11- to 12-day-old lateral root tips. This model system will facilitate detailed studies on synchronized ectomycorrhizal development and associated molecular and biochemical changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050125
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhiza formation and growth of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings inoculated with spores of various ectomycorrhizal fungi (1998)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1998), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Colonization ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Eucalyptus globulus ; Spore inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  As many eucalypts in commercial plantations are poorly ectomycorrhizal there is a need to develop inoculation programs for forest nurseries. The use of fungal spores as inoculum is a viable proposition for low technology nurseries currently producing eucalypts for outplanting in developing countries. Forty-three collections of ectomycorrhizal fungi from southwestern Australia and two from China, representing 18 genera, were tested for their effectiveness as spore inoculum on Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings. Seven-day-old seedlings were inoculated with 25 mg air-dry spores in a water suspension. Ectomycorrhizal development was assessed in soil cores 65 and 110 days after inoculation. By day 65, about 50% of the treatments had formed ectomycorrhizas. By day 110, inoculated seedlings were generally ectomycorrhizal, but in many cases the percentage of roots colonized was low (〈10%). Species of Laccaria, Hydnangium, Descolea, Descomyces, Scleroderma and Pisolithus formed more ectomycorrhizas than the other fungi. Species of Russula, Boletus, Lactarius and Hysterangium did not form ectomycorrhizas. The dry weights of inoculated seedlings ranged from 90% to 225% of the uninoculated seedlings by day 110. Although plants with extensively colonized roots generally had increased seedling growth, the overall mycorrhizal colonization levels were poorly correlated to seedling growth. Species of Laccaria, Descolea, Scleroderma and Pisolithus are proposed as potential candidate fungi for nursery inoculation programs for eucalypts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050216
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina, Casuarina and Eucalyptus (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhizas ; Allocasuarina ; Casuarina ; Eucalyptus ; Pisolithus ; Scleroderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050050
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of fungal-isolate aggressivity on the biosynthesis of symbiosis-related polypeptides in differentiating eucalypt ectomycorrhizas (1995)
    Springer
    Planta 195 (1995), S. 408-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ectomycorrhiza ; Eucalyptus ; Pisolithus ; Symbiosis-related polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in protein biosynthesis were examined during the early stages of differentiation of Eucalyptus grandis-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizas by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 35S-labelled proteins. Three distinct isolates of P. tinctorius Coker & Couch were chosen based on the rate of ectomycorrhizal formation (i.e. infectivity) with E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. The isolate H506 was not able to induce mycorrhiza, isolate 441 showed moderate infectivity and isolate H2144 exhibited a very high infectivity. Mycorrhiza were produced in vitro in a system where seeds were germinated in the presence of fungal mycelium and exudates. The non-mycorrhizal isolate caused no changes in root protein biosynthesis as analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas drastic alterations in protein biosynthesis were observed from initial contact with the aggressive mycobionts. During mycorrhizal development, there was a marked inhibition of plant polypeptides synthesis, enhanced accumulation of some fungal polypeptides and the emergence of symbiosis-specific polypeptides, the so-called ectomycorrhizins. The major changes were observed in a group of fungal acidic polypeptides (apparent molecular weight 28–32 kDa) including the ectomycorrhizin E32. These polypeptides first appeared at contact and their synthesis increased during mycorrhizal formation, suggesting a role in mycorrhizal development, most likely as structural proteins. Up-regulation of the synthesis of fungal symbiosis-related polypeptides was tightly correlated to the infectivity of the strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202599
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina, Casuarina and Eucalyptus (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Ectomycorrhizas ; Allocasuarina Casuarina ; Eucalyptus ; Pisolithus ; Scleroderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202345
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosis of nitrogen deficiency and toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings by foliar analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 177 (1995), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: critical concentration ; deficiency ; Eucalyptus globulus ; foliar analysis ; nitrogen ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between shoot growth and foliar nitrogen (N) in E. globulus seedlings was studied in the glasshouse to determine standard values for N deficiency and toxicity diagnosis. Seedlings were grown for 9 weeks in yellow sand, at 10 rates of N, applied as ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate or ammonium nitrate. Shoot dry weight (DW) increased linearly with N rate for all forms of N in the deficiency range. Seedlings continued to respond to higher rates of ammonium and ammonium nitrate than to nitrate. Maximum shoot DW for nitrate fed plants and ammonium nitrate fed plants were 51% and 84% respectively of ammonium fed plants. Total N concentration in the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) ranged from 1.0% to 3.3% in deficient and adequate plants. The critical N concentration for deficiency diagnosis (corresponding to 90% maximum yield) in the YFEL, determined from these growth response curves averaged over all N forms, was 2.6% N. For ammonium nitrate fed plants, total N concentration in the YFEL for the severely deficient, deficient, adequate, and toxic ranges were 〈1.4%, 1.4–2.5%, 2.6–3.5%, 〉 4.3%. High total N concentrations were associated with growth depression and toxicity symptoms, which differed with N form. For nitrate fed plants, a total N concentration above 3.3% in the YFEL was associated with severe growth depression, and leaf tip necrosis. The adequate concentration range for ammonium nitrate was similar to values found on a field trial with 7 month old E. globulus trees grown on an exforest site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010124
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional copper requirement for catechol oxidase activity in plantation Eucalyptus species (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 210 (1999), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper deficiency ; critical concentration ; Eucalyptus globulus ; Eucalyptus grandis ; Eucalyptus urophylla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Copper (Cu) deficiency in eucalypts is associated with tree deformation and reduced wood production from plantations. Presently, diagnosis of the early stages of Cu deficiency is unreliable as critical tissue Cu concentrations for tree growth have not been defined. Since wood quality is usually impaired in advance of tree growth, a biochemical test for Cu deficiency was sought for three Eucalyptus species commonly used in plantation forestry (E. globulus Labill., E. grandis Hill ex Maiden and E. urophylla Blake). Foliar Cu requirements for catechol oxidase activity were determined in a glasshouse sand culture study with 10 rates of Cu supply (0, 10-15, 10-14, 10-13, 10-12, 10-11, 10-10, 10-9, 10-7 and 10-5 M). In contrast to shoot dry weight, which only responded to Cu supply in E. urophylla, foliar Cu concentration and catechol oxidase activity, in 140-day-old seedlings, increased with the addition of Cu in all species. Stem lignification also responded to Cu supply in parallel to the activity of catechol oxidase. Functional Cu requirements of 2.4, 2.1 and 2.6 mg kg-1 dry weight for catechol oxidase activity in E. globulus, E. grandis and E. urophylla, respectively, were derived from statistical models fitted to the relationship between catechol oxidase activity and Cu concentrations in recently matured leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004643317708
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