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  • Amazon  (4)
  • mass balances  (2)
  • Springer  (6)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric deposition, mass balances, and processes regulating streamwater solute concentrations in mixed-conifer catchments of the Sierra Nevada, California (1997)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 37 (1997), S. 111-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: California ; catchments ; discharge-concentration relationships ; mass balances ; wet deposition ; Sierra Nevada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Solute concentrations in atmospheric deposition and stream water were measuredfrom 1984 through 1993 to determine the fate and mobility of solutes in twogauged mixed-conifer catchments (Tharp's and Log creeks) located in theSierra Nevada, California. The two catchments contain mature forest standsdominated by Abies concolor (white fir), Sequoiadendron giganteum (giantsequoia), Abies magnifica (red fir) and Pinus lambertiana (sugar pine).Ammonium, Cl-, Ca2+ and NO- 3were highest in concentration of the solutes measured in wet deposition;bulk deposition was highest in SO2- 4, NH+ 4,Cl- and H+. Net retention ofH+, NO3 -, NH4 +,SO4 2- and Cl- occurred in both catchments.Discharge was dominated by spring snowmelt with the largest export yieldsfor acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), SiO2, andCa2+. Export yields of H+,NO3 -, NH4 + and PO4 3-were relatively small (0.5 kg ha-1 y-1).Discharge-concentration relationships for ANC, SiO2,Na+, K+, Ca2+ andMg2+ were inverse and their concentrations in stream waterwere primarily influenced by discharge and annual differences in the relativecontributions of snowmelt and groundwater. The mobility of these solutes iscontrolled by the rates of mineral weathering and ion exchange. The positiverelationship of SO4 2- concentration with increasingdischarge suggests that atmospherically deposited SO4 2-is temporarily stored and that its release is controlled by the extent of soilwater flushing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005705927291
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of prescribed burning and drought on the solute chemistry of mixed-conifer forest streams of the Sierra Nevada, California (1997)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 39 (1997), S. 225-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: California ; catchments ; drought ; mass balances ; prescribed burning ; solutes ; Sierra Nevada ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Solute concentrations in atmospheric depositionand stream water were measured in two mixed-conifercatchments (Tharp‘s and Log creeks) in the SierraNevada of California from 1984 through 1995, a periodincluding a 6-year drought and a prescribed burn inone catchment. The effects of prescribed burning inthe Tharp‘s Creek catchment significantly increasedthe concentrations of most solutes in stream water. In the first year after prescribed burning, the VWM(volume-weighted mean) concentrations of acid anionsin stream water increased proportionally more thanthose of the base cations, and ANC (acid neutralizingcapacity) more than doubled. Sulfate and NO 3 - increased proportionally more in streamwater than any other ions after the fire, but pre- andpost-burn VWM pH were not significantlydifferent. VWM SO 4 2- and NO 3 - concentrations the first year after burning occurredwere about 16- and 2,000-fold above pre-burnbaselines, respectively, while that of Cl-increased 4-fold. Net retention (precipitationinputs minus streamwater outputs) of H+,NO 3 - , NH 3 + , SO 4 2- and Cl- occurred in both catchments, except afterprescribed burning of the Tharp’s Creek catchment inthe fall of 1990, which caused a net export ofSO 4 2- , Cl- and K+ thefirst year after the burn. Most solutes remained abovepre-disturbance concentrations by the end of the thirdyear after burning, whereas H+ and SiO2remained below. Periodic increases in theconcentrations of Na+, Ca2+ and SO 4 2- , and decreases in ANC and SiO2occurred during a 6-year drought monitored in theadjacent undisturbed catchment of Log Creek.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005858219050
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition and deposition of throughfall in a flooded forest archipelago (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 45 (1999), S. 169-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Amazon ; flooded forest ; Negro River ; rain ; solutes ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sources of spatial and temporal variation and rates of nutrient deposition via throughfall were studied for 9 months in the Anavilhanas archipelago of the Negro River, Brazil. A total of 30 events was sampled individually for rain and throughfall chemistry in a 1-ha plot of flooded forest. Throughfall samples were collected in 40 collectors distributed in five parallel transects in the study plot, while rain was collected in 4 collectors in an adjacent channel. Volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of solutes in rain were consistently lower than in throughfall, except for H+, NO3- and NH4+. Ratios of VWM concentrations of rain to throughfall indicated that K+, followed by Mg2+ and PO43-, were the most enhanced solutes as rain passed through the forest canopy. The deposition of solutes varied significantly among transects, except for Na+ and Ca2+, and was significantly correlated with maximum flooding depth, foliar nutrient content soil fertility and canopy closure for most solutes. The concentrations of PO43- and most major ions were higher in throughfall compared to those in rain due to canopy exchange and dry deposition. In contrast, NO3-, NH4+ and H+ were retained due to immobilization by leafy canopy and ion exchange processes. Solute inputs via throughfall (not including stemflow) to a floodplain lake (Lake Prato) of the archipelago accounted for 30 to 64% of the total for most solutes in the lake at high water, which indicates that throughfall is an important source of nutrients to the aquatic ecosystem of the Anavilhanas archipelago.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006108618196
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solute export from forested and partially deforested chatchments in the central Amazon (1997)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 38 (1997), S. 67-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Amazon ; catchments ; deforestation ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; solutes ; water balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The hydrochemical responses to slash-and-burnagriculture in a small rainforest catchment of thecentral Amazon were investigated for one year. Disturbances in the partially deforested catchmentbegan in 1987, and during the study a 2-ha plot was cut(July 1989) and burned (October 1989) in preparationfor the cultivation of manioc; the partially deforestedcatchment was approximately 80% deforested at the timeof this study. Solute fluxes exported by base flowwere estimated from solute concentrations of stream watermeasured at least once per week. Solute fluxesfor storm flow were estimated by measuring streamwaterconcentrations during two storms. Baseflow runoffrepresented about 94% of the water outflow from thestudy basin and was the dominant pathway of soluteexport. Total rainfall during the study period was2754 mm of which 2080 mm was exported from thepartially deforested catchment as stream runoff. Theratio of surface runoff to annual rainfall for asimilar study conducted in the same catchment whilecompletely forested in 1984 was lower than after thecatchment was 80% deforested in 1990 (0.57 versus0.76), while evapotranspiration (ET) was lower by about afactor of two in 1990 compared to 1984. Particulateremoval from the partially deforested catchment was 151kg ha−1 yr−1. Nutrient losses from thepartially deforested catchment were higher than thosemeasured when the catchment was undisturbed in 1984 byfactors of 1.4, 1.8, and 2.1 for total inorganicnitrogen (TIN), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and totalnitrogen (TN); and by factors of 4.0, 6.6, and 7.9 for solublereactive phosphate (PO3− 4), total dissolvedphosphorus (TDP), and total phosphorus (TP),respectively. These data show that deforestation andcolonization in upland catchments of the central Amazonalter the hydrochemical balance of streams bydecreasing ET, thereby increasing discharge and soluteexport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005774431820
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solute dynamics in soil water and groundwater in a central Amazon catchment undergoing deforestation (1997)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 38 (1997), S. 303-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Amazon ; deforestation ; hydrologic pathway ; groundwater ; nitrogen ; rain forest ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; solutes ; tropical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrochemical changes caused by slash-and-burnagricultural practices in a small upland catchment inthe central Amazon were measured. Soluteconcentrations were analyzed in wet deposition,overland flow, shallow throughflow, groundwater andbank seepage in a forested plot (about 5 ha) and anadjacent plot (about 2 ha) which had been deforestedin July 1989 and planted to manioc, and in streamwater in partially deforested and forested catchments. Measurements were made from November 1988 to June1990. The effects of slash-and-burn agriculturalpractices observed in the experimental plot includedincreased overland flow, erosion, and large losses ofsolutes from the rooted zone. Concentrations ofNO3 -, Na+, K+, SO4 2-,Cl- and Mn in throughflow of the experimentalplot were higher than those of the control plot bymore than a factor of 10. Extensive leaching occurredafter cutting and burning, but solute transfers werediminished along pathway stages of throughflow togroundwater, and particularly within the riparian zoneof the catchment. High concentrations of N and P inoverland flow indicate the importance of usingforested riparian buffers to mitigate solute inputs toreceiving waters in tropical catchments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005801303639
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition and deposition of throughfall in a flooded forest archipelago (Negro River, Brazil) (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 45 (1999), S. 169-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Amazon ; flooded forest ; Negro River ; rain ; solutes ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sources of spatial and temporal variation and rates of nutrient deposition via throughfall were studied for 9 months in the Anavilhanas archipelago of the Negro River, Brazil. A total of 30 events was sampled individually for rain and throughfall chemistry in a 1-ha plot of flooded forest. Throughfall samples were collected in 40 collectors distributed in five parallel transects in the study plot, while rain was collected in 4 collectors in an adjacent channel. Volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of solutes in rain were consistently lower than in throughfall, except for H+, NO 3 − and NH 4 + . Ratios of VWM concentrations of rain to throughfall indicated that K+, followed by Mg2+ and PO 4 3− , were the most enhanced solutes as rain passed through the forest canopy. The deposition of solutes varied significantly among transects, except for Na+ and Ca2+, and was significantly correlated with maximum flooding depth, foliar nutrient content, soil fertility and canopy closure for most solutes. The concentrations of PO 4 3− and most major ions were higher in throughfall compared to those in rain due to canopy exchange and dry deposition. In contrast, NO 3 − , NH 4 + and H+ were retained due to immobilization by leafy canopy and ion exchange processes. Solute inputs via throughfall (not including stemflow) to a floodplain lake (Lake Prato) of the archipelago accounted for 30 to 64% of the total for most solutes in the lake at high water, which indicates that throughfall is an important source of nutrients to the aquatic ecosystem of the Anavilhanas archipelago.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01106780
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