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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary structure and evolutionary relationship between the adult α-globin genes and their 5′-flanking regions ofXenopus laevis andXenopus tropicalis (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1988), S. 64-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Xenopus laevis ; Xenopus tropicalis ; Adult α-globin genes ; Gene organization ; Conserved upstream sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To investigate the evolution of globin genes in the genusXenopus, we have determined the primary structure of the related adult α1- and αII genes ofX. laevis and of the adult α-globin gene ofX. tropicalis, including their 5′-flanking regions. All three genes are comprised of three exons and two introns at homologous positions. The exons are highly conserved and code for 141 amino acids. By contrast, the corresponding introns vary in length and show considerable divergence. Comparison of 900 bp of the 5′-flanking region revealed that theX. tropicalis gene contains a conserved proximal 310-bp promoter sequence, comprised of the canonical TATA and CCAAT motifs at homologous positions, and five conserved elements in the same order and at similar positions as previously shown for the corresponding genes ofX. laevis. We therefore conclude that these conserved upstream elements may represent regulatory sequences for cell-specific regulation of the adultXenopus globin genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143498
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activin A signaling directly activates Xenopus winged helix factors XFD-4/4’, the orthologues to mammalian MFH-1 (2000)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 320-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Winged helix transcription factor ; Xenopuslaevis ; Paraxial mesoderm ; Abdominal muscle ; Activin A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We investigated the Xenopus winged helix gene XFD-4, its cDNA, and a pseudoallelic cDNA, termed XFD-4’, representing Xenopus orthologues to chicken CWH-2 and mammalian MFH-1. XFD-4/4’ genes are activated after midblastula transition in dorsolateral mesoderm but not within the dorsal lip. Later, expression is found in two segmented lines of cells bordering the somites, in head mesenchyme, in ventral abdominal muscle, and in the tail tip. Smad2 RNA injection leads to ectopic expression of XFD-4’. Since activation is also observed in activin A treated animal cap explants in the presence of cycloheximide, XFD-4/4’ genes represent direct targets of activin signaling. Note that the future nomenclature for XFD-4 will be FoxC2a and for XFD-4’ will be FoxC2b (Fox Nomenclature Committee).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050319
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