ALBERT

Description: Herein, we publish the simulated global annual mean temperature (THO), salinity (SAO), ice compactness (SICOMO), Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), Global Meridional Overturning Circulation (GMOC), zonal velocity (UKO), meridional velocity (VKE), 10m u-velocity (u10), 10m v-velocity (v10), mixed layer depth (zmld), horizontal barotropic streamfunction (PSIUWE) and sealevel (ZO) over a time period of 100 years retrieved from equilibrium climate simulations for the Miocene (~23-15 Ma) and use different Greenland-Scotland Ridge (GSR) and Fram Strait (FS) sill depths as a representative for different tectonic settings that occur during the subsidence interval and utilized in the publication by Hossain et al. (2020). The climate data has been produced with COSMOS (ECHAM5/JSBACH/MPIOM/OASIS3), utilized at a resolution of T31 in the atmosphere (19 hybrid sigma-pressure levels) and a resolution of GR30 (bipolar orthogonal curvilinear grid, formal resolution of ~3.0°x1.8°) in the ocean (40 z-coordinate levels). The model setup refers to boundary conditions (incl. changes in orography, bathymetry, physical land surface characteristics, ice sheets, atmospheric CO2) representative for the Miocene. Details on setup and identifiers of Miocene model simulations can be found in Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1 of Hossain et al., 2020.

Description: Herein, we publish the simulated global annual mean sea surface temperature (THO), surface air temperature (SAT) over a time period of 100 years retrieved from equilibrium climate simulations for the Last Glacial Maximum (~21 ka BP). We investigate the range of temperature variability that occurs in response to uncertainties in the boundary conditions of Laurentide ice sheet (LIS). We performed LGM simulations, applying six different LIS reconstructions (ICE-6g, GLAC-1a, ANU, Gowan, Licciardi and PMIP3) in a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea-ice model. The model data has been used in the publication by Hossain et al., 2021. The climate data has been produced with Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMOS; ECHAM5/JSBACH/MPIOM/OASIS3), utilized at a resolution of T31 in the atmosphere with 19 vertical layers and a resolution of GR30 (~3.0°x1.8°) in the ocean with 40 vertical layers. The model setup refers to boundary conditions (terrestrial topography, ocean bathymetry), greenhouse gas concentrations (CO2 = 185 ppm; CH4 = 350 ppb; N2O = 200 ppb) and orbital forcing representative for the LGM and are imposed in accordance with the PMIP3 protocol. We also run COSMOS using PI boundary conditions (ice-sheet topography, orbital forcing, greenhouse gas concentrations and ocean bathymetry). Details on setup and identifiers of LGM model simulations can be found in Table S1 of Hossain et al., 2021.

Description: Herein, we publish the simulated global annual mean surface air temperature (SAT), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), sea ice cover (seaice), surface albedo (albedo) and total cloud cover (aclcov) over a time period of 100 years retrieved from equilibrium climate simulations for the Middle Miocene and Preindustrial. We simulate Miocene and Preindustrial climate states at different atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The model data has been used in the publication by Hossain et al., 2022. The climate data has been produced with AWI Earth System Model (AWI-ESM2.1; ECHAM6/JSBACH/MPIOM2/ OASIS3‐MCT), utilized at a spectral resolution of T63 (~1.88° x 1.88°) in the atmosphere with 47 vertical layers. FESOM2 uses the COREII mesh. The Miocene model setup is based on the combined high-resolution (0.1° x 0.1°) global bathymetry and topography (Middle Miocene; ~14 Ma) of Paxman et al. (2019), Hochmuth et al. (2020) and Straume et al. (2020). The model setup refers to boundary conditions (incl. changes in orography, bathymetry, physical land surface characteristics, ice sheets, atmospheric CO2) representative for the Miocene and Preindustrial. Details on setup and identifiers of Miocene and Preindustrial model simulations can be found in Table 1 of Hossain et al., 2022.

Description: Herein, we publish the simulated global annual mean sea surface salinity (SAO), sea surface temperature (THO), ice compactness (SICOMO), zonal velocity (UKO), meridional velocity (VKE) and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) over a time period of 100 years retrieved from equilibrium climate simulations for the Miocene (~23-15 Ma). We investigate the sensitivity of stratification in the Arctic Ocean to the widening of Fram Strait (FS) and different levels of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The model data has been used in the publication by Hossain et al., 2020. The climate data has been produced with COSMOS (ECHAM5/JSBACH/MPIOM/OASIS3), utilized at a resolution of T31 in the atmosphere with 19 vertical layers and a resolution of GR30 (~3.0°x1.8°) in the ocean with 40 vertical layers. The model setup refers to boundary conditions (incl. changes in orography, bathymetry, physical land surface characteristics, ice sheets, atmospheric CO2) representative for the Miocene. Details on setup and identifiers of Miocene model simulations can be found in Table 1 of Hossain et al., 2020.

Description: We present climate model output for various atmosphere and ocean quantities that illustrate the impact of three different types of forcing on global climate characteristics during mid-Pliocene (~3.3 - 3.0 Million years before present, Ma BP) and early to Mid-Miocene (~23-15 Ma BP): -geography, including setups for modern, mid-Pliocene, and early to Mid-Miocene -carbon dioxide, ranging from Pre-Industrial (280 parts per million by volume, ppmv) to 840 ppmv -strength of ocean mixing via enhancement of respective mixing parameters, ranging from the unperturbed state to mild (five times), intermediate (ten times), and strong (twenty-fife times) enhancement of vertical mixing. The data provided with this data publication has been employed by the authors in the manuscript "Effects of CO2 and ocean mixing on Miocene and Pliocene temperature gradients" (revised for publication in the journal Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, special issue "The Miocene: The Future of the Past") for a comparative study of the effects of carbon dioxide and ocean mixing on various climate characteristics. Here we provide all climate output that has been employed towards creating analyses presented in that publication. Data is provided at the resolution employed for generating analyses for the manuscript. Atmosphere model output provided at native model resolution (T31, ~3.75°x3.75° horizontally). Ocean output provided at a regular grid (the native grid of the ocean model is curvilinear with a formal resolution of 3.0°x1.8° horizontally). Sea ice cover provided at a resolution of 1.0°x1.0°. Zonal mean of ocean potential temperature over all model levels provided at a latitudinal resolution of 1°, vertically discretized on native ocean model levels (40 pressure levels of non-linear spacing). Depth of the ocean mixed layer, sea surface temperature, and total heat flux across the atmosphere ocean interface given at resolutions of 0.5°x0.5° resolution. Data at higher resolutions is provided towards retaining more details of the coastlines and of ocean gateway regions.