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  • game playing  (4)
  • Bone Gla protein  (2)
  • Springer  (6)
  • PANGAEA
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • Springer  (6)
  • PANGAEA
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learning Game-Specific Spatially-Oriented Heuristics (1998)
    Springer
    Constraints 3 (1998), S. 239-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9354
    Keywords: machine learning ; game playing ; spatial cognition ; extensible architectures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an architecture that begins with enough general knowledge to play any board game as a novice, and then shifts its decision-making emphasis to learned, game-specific, spatially-oriented heuristics. From its playing experience, it acquires game-specific knowledge about both patterns and spatial concepts. The latter are proceduralized as learned, spatially-oriented heuristics. These heuristics represent a new level of feature aggregation that effectively focuses the program's attention. While training against an external expert, the program integrates these heuristics robustly. After training it exhibits both a new emphasis on spatially-oriented play and the ability to respond to novel situations in a spatially-oriented manner. This significantly improves performance against a variety of opponents. In addition, we address the issue of context on pattern learning. The procedures described here move toward learning spatially-oriented heuristics for autonomous programs in other spatial domains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009734028965
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of memory and concepts in learning (1992)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 2 (1992), S. 239-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Representation ; cognitive architecture ; concepts ; machine learning ; game playing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which concepts, memory, and planning are necessary to the simulation of intelligent behavior is a fundamental philosophical issue in Artificial Intelligence. An active and productive segement of the AI community has taken the position that multiple low-level agents, properly organized, can account for high-level behavior. Empirical research on these questions with fully operational systems has been restricted to mobile robots that do simple tasks. This paper recounts experiments with Hoyle, a system in a cerebral, rather than a physical, domain. The program learns to perform well and quickly, often outpacing its human creators at two-person, perfect information board games. Hoyle demonstrates that a surprising amount of intelligent behavior can be treated as if it were situation-determined, that often planning is unnecessary, and that the memory required to support this learning is minimal. Concepts, however, are crucial to this reactive program's ability to learn and perform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02454222
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of a new vitamin D analog, 22-oxa-1α,25(OH)2D3, on bone mineral metabolism in normal male rats (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 521-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 22-oxa-1α, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; 1,25(OH)2D3 ; Bone histomorphometry ; Bone Gla protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thein vivo effects of 22-oxa-1α, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (OCT), on bone mineral metabolism were investigated in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were administered either vehicle (control), low-dose OCT (25 ng/100 g body weight), or high-dose OCT (250 ng/100 g body wt). High-dose OCT increased serum ionized calcium (P〈0.05) and decreased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) (P〈0.05) at all time points and increased serum bone Gla protein on days 7 and 28 (P〈0.05) compared with controls. Lowdose OCT decreased serum PTH at all the time points (P〈0.05) compared with controls. Tibial bone histomorphometry showed no significant differences between the two doses of OCT and controls. We found that OCT has minimal direct effects on bone metabolism in normal male rats in contrast to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. This property may be advantageous in the treatment with OCT of cell-proliferative diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582166
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward an Ideal Trainer (1994)
    Springer
    Machine learning 15 (1994), S. 251-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: training ; competition ; game playing ; reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates how the nature of the opposition during training affects learning to play two-person, perfect information board games. It considers different kinds of competitive training, the impact of trainer error, appropriate metrics for post-training performance measurement, and the ways those metrics can be applied. The results suggest that teaching a program by leading it repeatedly through the same restricted paths, albeit high quality ones, is overly narrow preparation for the variations that appear in real-world experience. The results also demonstrate that variety introduced into training by random choice is unreliable preparation, and that a program that directs its own training may overlook important situations. The results argue for a broad variety of training experience with play at many levels. This variety may either be inherent in the game or introduced deliberately into the training. Lesson and practice training, a blend of expert guidance and knowledge-based, self-directed elaboration, is shown to be particularly effective for learning during competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022637925775
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward an ideal trainer (1994)
    Springer
    Machine learning 15 (1994), S. 251-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: training ; competition ; game playing ; reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates how the nature of the opposition during training affects learning to play two-person, perfect information board games. It considers different kinds of competitive training, the impact of trainer error, appropriate metrics for post-training performance measurement, and the ways those metrics can be applied. The results suggest that teaching a program by leading it repeatedly through the same restricted paths, albeit high quality ones, is overly narrow preparation for the variations that appear in real-world experience. The results also demonstrate that variety introduced into training by random choice is unreliable preparation, and that a program that directs its own training may overlook important situations. The results argue for a broad variety of training experience with play at many levels. This variety may either be inherent in the game or introduced deliberately into the training. Lesson and practice training, a blend of expert guidance and knowledge-based, self-directed elaboration, is shown to be particularly effective for learning during competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993346
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of change of cancellous bone volume with short-term use of the new immunosuppressant rapamycin in rats (1993)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rapamycin ; Bone mineral metabolism ; Bone Gla protein ; Immunosuppressants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Immunosuppressants have adverse effects on bone mineral metabolism in animal and human studies, with corticosteroids producing low-turnover osteopenia, and cyclosporin-A (CsA) producing high-turnover osteopenia. Rapamycin (RAPA) is a new immunosuppressant reported to be at least 10 times more potent than CsA, and acts via a different pathway to CsA and the other new immunosuppressant FK506. This study investigated the effects of RAPA on bone mineral metabolism in the rat. Forty-two, 10-week-old, male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups, and treated according to the following protocol: group A (control) received RAPA vehicle by daily gavage for 14 days (n = 12); group B (high dose RAPA) received RAPA 2.5 mg/kg/day by daily gavage for 14 days (n = 15); group C (low dose RAPA) received RAPA 1.25 mg/kg/day by daily gavage for 14 days (n = 15). Rats were weighed and bled on days 0, 7, and 14 for measurement of blood ionized calcium, bone Gla protein (BGP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25(OH)2D. Tibial bone histomorphometry was determined on day 14 after double-calcein labeling. Weight gain was similar in the two groups treated with RAPA compared with control animals. High-dose RAPA (group B) transiently depressed serum BGP levels on day 7, with elevated blood ionized calcium levels on day 7, and lowered 1,25(OH)2D levels on day 14. Serum PTH levels were unchanged. Low dose RAPA (group C) did not affect calciotropic hormones. Histomorphometric analyses of tibial metaphyses revealed that parameters of bone formation and resorption were not significantly different in the groups treated with RAPA (group B and C) compared with control animals (group A). Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in group B (high-dose RAPA) (15.39 ± 1.01%) and C (low-dose RAPA) (15.38 ±0.57%) was not significantly altered compared with group A (control) (16.42 ± 0.86%). Short-term treatment with RAPA, unlike CsA, does not result in excess resorption and loss of bone volume. The depressed serum 1,25(OH)2D levels seen with high-dose RAPA therapy may adversely effect bone mineral metabolism in the long term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01352014
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