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  • 1
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    Rumen microbiota for wild boreal cervids living in the same habitat (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-26
    Description: Knowledge about the factors shaping the rumen microbiota in wild animals is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the microbiota from the three cervid species moose ( Alces alces , n = 5), red deer ( Cervus elaphus , n = 4) and roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus , n = 12), sharing the same habitat. Using deep 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we found that the largest species moose had the highest number of unique operational taxonomic units. Furthermore, red deer and moose shared more of the microbiota, compared with the smallest species, roe deer, with Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota being significantly overrepresented for the shared microbiota. These differences could not be explained by diet or range. The animals largely shared the same range, and there are no systematic differences in diet. We therefore believe rumen physiology can be one of the main contributing factors to the observed distribution of the rumen microbiota in cervid species.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Clostridium difficile environmental contamination within a clinical laundry facility in the USA (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-17
    Description: Clostridium difficile is both a hospital and community-acquired pathogen. The current study determined if C. difficile could be cultured from clinical laundry facility surfaces. A total of 240 surface samples were collected from dirty areas ( n = 120), which handle soiled clinical linens, and from clean areas ( n = 120), which process and fold the clean linens, within the University of Washington Consolidated Laundry facility in 2015. Sampling was done four times over the course of 1 year. The dirty area was significantly more contaminated than the clean area (21% vs 2%, P 〈 0.001). Clostridium difficile isolates were genetically characterized using multilocus sequence typing and PCR for the detection of genes encoding toxin A and toxin B. The MLST types 1, 2, 3, 15, 26, 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 53, 63 and 284 were identified and have previously been found in both clinical and community settings. Toxin positive isolates were identified in both the dirty ( n = 16/25) and clean areas ( n = 2/2). Seasonal variation was observed with 40% of the 27 isolates cultured in April 2015. The study suggests that soiled clinical linens may be a source of C. difficile surface contamination.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    R-type bacteriocins in related strains of Xenorhabdus bovienii: Xenorhabdicin tail fiber modularity and contribution to competitiveness (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: R-type bacteriocins are contractile phage tail-like structures that are bactericidal towards related bacterial species. The C-terminal region of the phage tail fiber protein determines target-binding specificity. The mutualistic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila and X. bovienii produce R-type bacteriocins (xenorhabdicins) that are selectively active against different Xenorhabdus species. We analyzed the P2-type remnant prophage clusters in draft sequences of nine strains of X. bovienii . The C-terminal tail fiber region in each of the respective strains was unique and consisted of mosaics of modular units. The region between the main tail fiber gene ( xbpH1 ) and the sheath gene ( xbpS1 ) contained a variable number of modules encoding tail fiber fragments. DNA inversion and module exchange between strains was involved in generating tail fiber diversity. Xenorhabdicin-enriched fractions from three different X. bovienii strains isolated from the same nematode species displayed distinct activities against each other. In one set of strains, the strain that produced highly active xenorhabdicin was able to eliminate a sensitive strain. In contrast, xenorhabdicin activity was not a determining factor in the competitive fitness of a second set of strains. These findings suggest that related strains of X. bovienii use xenorhabdicin and additional antagonistic molecules to compete against each other.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Diverse sulfur metabolisms from two subterranean sulfidic spring systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-31
    Description: In sulfidic environments, microbes oxidize reduced sulfur compounds via several pathways. We used metagenomics to investigate sulfur metabolic pathways from microbial mat communities in two subterranean sulfidic streams in Lower Kane Cave, WY, USA and from Glenwood Hot Springs, CO, USA. Both unassembled and targeted recA gene assembly analyses revealed that these streams were dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria , including groups related to Sulfurovum , Sulfurospirillum , Thiothrix and an epsilonproteobacterial group with no close cultured relatives. Genes encoding sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) were abundant at all sites, but the specific SQR type and the taxonomic affiliation of each type differed between sites. The abundance of thiosulfate oxidation pathway genes (Sox) was not consistent between sites, although overall they were less abundant than SQR genes. Furthermore, the Sox pathway appeared to be incomplete in all samples. This work reveals both variations in sulfur metabolism within and between taxonomic groups found in these systems, and the presence of novel epsilonproteobacterial groups.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Microbial detoxification in the gut of a specialist avian herbivore, the Greater Sage-Grouse (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: One function of the gut microbiota gaining recent attention, especially in herbivorous mammals and insects, is the metabolism of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). We investigated whether this function exists within the gut communities of a specialist avian herbivore. We sequenced the cecal metagenome of the Greater Sage-Grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ), which specializes on chemically defended sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.). We predicted that the cecal metagenome of the sage-grouse would be enriched in genes associated with the metabolism of PSMs when compared to the metagenome of the domestic chicken. We found that representation of microbial genes associated with ‘xenobiotic degradation and metabolism’ was 3-fold higher in the sage-grouse cecal metagenomes when compared to that of the domestic chicken. Further, we identified a complete metabolic pathway for the degradation of phenol to pyruvate, which was not detected in the metagenomes of the domestic chicken, bovine rumen or 14 species of mammalian herbivores. Evidence of monoterpene degradation (a major class of PSMs in sagebrush) was less definitive, although we did detect genes for several enzymes associated with this process. Overall, our results suggest that the gut microbiota of specialist avian herbivores plays a similar role to the microbiota of mammalian and insect herbivores in degrading PSMs.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Millimeter scale electron conduction through exoelectrogenic mixed species biofilms (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-03
    Description: The functioning of many natural and engineered environments is dependent on long distance electron transfer mediated through electrical currents. These currents have been observed in exoelectrogenic biofilms and it has been proposed that microbial biofilms can mediate electron transfer via electrical currents on the centimeter scale. However, direct evidence to confirm this hypothesis has not been demonstrated and the longest known electrical transfer distance for single species exoelectrogenic biofilms is limited to 100 μm. In the present study, biofilms were developed on electrodes with electrically non-conductive gaps from 50 μm to 1 mm and the in situ conductance of biofilms was evaluated over time. Results demonstrated that the exoelectrogenic mixed species biofilms in the present study possess the ability to transfer electrons through electrical currents over a distance of up to 1 mm, 10 times further than previously observed. Results indicate the possibility of interspecies interactions playing an important role in the spatial development of exoelectrogenic biofilms, suggesting that these biological networks might remain conductive even at longer distance. These findings have significant implications in regards to future optimization of microbial electrochemical systems.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Mercury resistance transposons in Bacilli strains from different geographical regions (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-20
    Description: A total of 65 spore-forming mercury-resistant bacteria were isolated from natural environments worldwide in order to understand the acquisition of additional genes by and dissemination of mercury resistance transposons across related Bacilli genera by horizontal gene movement. PCR amplification using a single primer complementary to the inverted repeat sequence of Tn MERI1 -like transposons showed that 12 of 65 isolates had a transposon-like structure. There were four types of amplified fragments: Tn 5084 , Tn 5085 , Tn d MER3 (a newly identified deleted transposon-like fragment) and Tn 6294 (a newly identified transposon). Tn d MER3 is a 3.5-kb sequence that carries a merRETPA operon with no merB or transposase genes. It is related to the mer operon of Bacillus licheniformis strain FA6-12 from Russia. DNA homology analysis shows that Tn 6294 is an 8.5-kb sequence that is possibly derived from Tn d MER3 by integration of a Tn MERI1 -type transposase and resolvase genes and in addition the merR2 and merB1 genes. Bacteria harboring Tn 6294 exhibited broad-spectrum mercury resistance to organomercurial compounds, although Tn 6294 had only merB1 and did not have the merB2 and merB3 sequences for organomercurial lyases found in Tn 5084 of B. cereus strain RC607. Strains with Tn 6294 encode mercuric reductase (MerA) of less than 600 amino acids in length with a single N-terminal mercury-binding domain, whereas MerA encoded by strains MB1 and RC607 has two tandem domains. Thus, Tn d MER3 and Tn 6294 are shorter prototypes for Tn MERI1 -like transposons. Identification of Tn 6294 in Bacillus sp. from Taiwan and in Paenibacillus sp. from Antarctica indicates the wide horizontal dissemination of Tn MERI1 -like transposons across bacterial species and geographical barriers.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Degradation and emission of carbonyl sulfide, an atmospheric trace gas, by fungi isolated from forest soil (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-11
    Description: Soil is thought to be important both as a source and a sink of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in the troposphere, but the mechanism affecting COS uptake, especially for fungi, remains uncertain. Fungal isolates that were collected randomly from forest soil showed COS-degrading ability at high frequencies: 38 out of 43 isolates grown on potato dextrose agar showed degradation of 30 ppmv COS within 24 h. Of these isolates, eight degraded 30 ppmv of COS to below the detection limit within 2 h. These isolates also showed an ability to degrade COS included in ambient air (around 500 pptv) and highly concentrated (12 500 ppmv) level, even though the latter is higher than the lethal level for mammals. COS-degrading activity was estimated by using ergosterol as a biomass index for fungi. Trichoderma sp. THIF08 had the highest COS-degrading activity of all the isolates. Interestingly, Umbelopsis/Mortierella spp. THIF09 and THIF13 were unable to degrade 30 ppmv COS within 24 h, and actually emitted COS during the cultivation in ambient air. These results indicate a fungal contribution to the flux of COS between the terrestrial and atmospheric environments.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    High-affinity phosphate-binding protein (PBP) for phosphorous recovery: proof of concept using recombinant Escherichia coli (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-30
    Description: Phosphorus (P) is a critical, non-renewable nutrient; yet excess discharges can lead to eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. Thus, P removal from water must be coupled with P recovery to achieve sustainable P management. P-specific proteins provide a novel, promising approach to recover P from water. Bacterial phosphate-binding proteins (PBPs) are able to effectively remove phosphate, achieving extremely low levels in water (i.e. 0.015 mg-P L –1 ). A prerequisite of using PBP for P recovery, however, is not only removal, but also controlled P release, which has not yet been reported. Phosphate release using recombinant PBP-expressing Escherichia coli was explored in this study. Escherichia coli was genetically modified to overexpress PBP in the periplasmic space. The impacts of ionic strength, temperature and pH on phosphate release were assessed. PBP-expressed E. coli demonstrated consistently superior ability to adsorb more phosphate from liquid and release more phosphate under controlled conditions relative to negative controls (unexpressed PBP E. coli and E. coli K12). Lower pH (3.8), higher temperature (35ºC) and higher ionic strength (100 mM KCl) facilitated increased phosphate release, providing a maximum of 2.1% P recovery within 3 h. This study provides proof of concept of the feasibility of using PBP to recover P.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Comparative analysis of the survival and gene expression of pathogenic strains Vibrio harveyi after starvation (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-16
    Description: This study aimed to evaluate the survival and gene expression of Vibrio harveyi under starvation conditions. The microcosms V. harveyi were incubated in sterilized seawater for 4 weeks at room temperature. Overall, the cell numeration declined rapidly about 10 3 CFU/ml during starvation, with a tiny rebound at day 21. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that rod-shaped cells became sphere with a rippled cell surface. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, nine genes, named lux R, tox R, vhh B, fla A, top A, fur , rpo S, mre B and fts Z, were detected in the non-starved cells. In the starved cells, the expression levels of the detected genes declined substantially ranging from 0.005-fold to 0.028-fold compared to the non-starved cells performed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR with 16S rRNA as the internal control. In the recovering cells, the expression levels of the detected genes, except lux R and mre B, were upregulated dramatically compared to the wild, especially top A (23.720-fold), fur (39.400-fold) and tox R (9.837-fold), validating that the expressions of both the metabolism and virulence genes were important for growth and survival of V. harveyi. The results may shed a new light on understanding of stress adaptation in bacteria.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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