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  • ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase  (1)
  • Caste  (1)
  • Springer  (2)
  • Oxford University Press
  • Springer Nature
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  • Springer  (2)
  • Oxford University Press
  • Springer Nature
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 581-592 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Honey bee ; Sting response ; Motor control ; Ventral nerve cord ; Maturation ; Caste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stinging behavior has been extensively studied in honey bees at the level of the individual, that is, in terms of stimuli that release stinging in adult bees, and in terms of integration of individual behavior into colony defense. Yet very little is known about the physiological basis for this behavior. Using an isolated abdominal preparation factors that influence peripheral control of the sting extension response are analyzed. Results show that: 1. Electromyogram activity released by severing the ventral nerve cord changed during the first few days of adult life but not later. Abdomens from older bees (nurses, guards, foragers) showed significantly higher EMG activity than newly emerged or 24 h-old bees. 2. The reflex “matured” over 5–7 days after emergence as an adult. 3. Younger bees (≤24h) had a lower threshold for initiating sting extension than older bees. However, the threshold for initiating the full sting response, i.e., extension and venom pumping, did not differ due to age. 4. Caste status was not correlated to any of the parameters of sting extension, indicating that any effect of caste on stinging behavior must arise in more anterior ganglia and/or in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; Gene ex ; pression (Agp1, Agp2) ; Hexaploid wheat-Starch synthesis ; Triticum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone representing the large (shrunken-2) subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP; EC 2.7.7.27) has been isolated from a cDNA library prepared from developing grain of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Chinese Spring). The 2084-bp cDNA insert contains an open reading frame of 1566 nucleotides and primer-extension analysis indicated that the 5′ end is 10 nucleotides shorter than the mRNA. The deduced protein contains 522 amino acids (57.8 kDa) and includes a putative transit peptide of 62 amino acids (6.5 kDa). The similarity of the deduced protein to the small subunit of AGP and to other AGP genes from plants and microorganisms is discussed. Northern hybridisation shows that the Agp1 genes (encoding the small subunit in the wheat endosperm) and the Agp2 genes (encoding the large subunit in the wheat endosperm) are differentially expressed in the wheat grain. Transcripts from both gene sets accumulate to high levels in the endosperm during grain development with the majority of the expression in the endopsperm rather than the embryo and pericarp layers. Although enzyme activity is detected in developing grains prior to 10 d post anthesis, only the Agp1 genes are active at this time (the Agp2 genes are not expressed until 10 d post anthesis). The possibility that the enzyme expressed during early grain development is a homotetramer of small subunits is discussed. The Agp1 and Agp2 genes are arranged as triplicate sets of single-copy homoeoloci in wheat. The Agp2 genes are located on the long arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D, about 80 cM from the centromere. The Agp1 genes have been mapped to a position just distal to the centromere on the long arms of chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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