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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 21, 4 (2008): 34-45.
    Description: The exchange of CO2 and other gases across the ocean-air interface is an extremely important component in global climate dynamics, photosynthesis and respiration, and the absorption of anthropogenically produced CO2. The many different mechanisms and properties that control the air-sea flux of CO2 can have large spatial and temporal variability, particularly in the coastal environment. The need for making short-time-scale and small-spatial-scale estimates of gas transfer velocity, along with the physical and chemical parameters that affect it, provided a framework for the field experiments of the Coastal Ocean Processes Program (CoOP) Coastal Air-Sea Chemical Exchange (CASCEX) program. As such, the CASCEX project provided an opportunity to develop some of the first in situ techniques to estimate gas fluxes using micrometeorological and thermal imagery techniques. The results reported from the CASCEX experiments represent the first step toward reconciling the indirect but widely accepted estimates of gas exchange with these more direct, higher-resolution estimates over the coastal ocean. These results and the advances in sensor technology initiated during the CASCEX project have opened up even larger regions of the global ocean to investigation of gas exchange and its role in climate change.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) CoOP program under grants OCE-9410534 and OCE-9711285.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Clayson, C. A., Edson, J. B., Paget, A., Graham, R., & Greenwood, B. Effects of rainfall on the atmosphere and the ocean during spurs-2. Oceanography, 32(2), (2019):86-97, doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2019.216.
    Description: The salinity variability of the upper ocean is influenced by surface heat, momentum, and freshwater fluxes, which are in turn affected by atmospheric conditions. It is necessary to accurately measure these surface fluxes within their atmospheric environment to understand the linkages between rain events and the resulting upper-ocean salinity balance that occurs at cloud scales. We describe a comprehensive set of atmospheric and oceanic data collected during the second Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS-2) experiment in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. These measurements included direct estimates of heat, moisture, and momentum fluxes using direct covariance flux systems on R/V Roger Revelle and a 3 m discus buoy. These are the first successful direct measurements of evaporation from a buoy over an extended period. The atmospheric moisture budget is estimated from a combination of data, including measured freshwater fluxes, upper air sounding data, and satellite data. This analysis reconfirms the important role of moisture convergence beneath the Intertropical Convergence Zone in this region. We perform an analysis of the near-surface vertical salinity structure and its relationship to these surface fluxes, highlighting the roles of stabilization by solar insolation and precipitation and the effects of rainfall on mixing of the upper ocean.
    Description: This research was supported by NASA under grants NNX15AF70G and NNX15AG20G.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lindstrom, E. J., Edson, J. B., Schanze, J. J., & Shcherbina, A. Y. SPURS-2: Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study 2. The eastern equatorial Pacific experiment. Oceanography, 32(2), (2019); 15-19, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.207.
    Description: In this special issue of Oceanography we explore the results of SPURS-2, the second Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS), conducted in the eastern equatorial Pacific. SPURS is an ambitious multiyear field program to study surface salinity in evaporation-​dominated (SPURS-1) and precipitation-dominated (SPURS-2) regions of the global ocean. The primary goal was to further our understanding of the global oceanic freshwater cycle through investigation of the physical processes controlling the upper-ocean salinity balance: air-sea interactions, transport, and mixing. With the advent of satellites capable of measuring sea surface salinity, such as NASA’s Aquarius instrument and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, as well as the European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) platform, a near-synoptic view of such processes has become possible (Figure 1). To take full advantage of such observations, we need to understand the link between upper-ocean dynamics and the oceanic freshwater cycle.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rainville, L., Centurioni, L. R., Asher, W. E., Clayson, C. A., Drushka, K., Edson, J. B., Hodges, B. A., Hermann, V., Farrar, J. T., Schanze, J. J., & Shcherbina, A. Y. Novel and flexible approach to access the open ocean: Uses of sailing research vessel Lady Amber during SPURS-2. Oceanography, 32(2), (2019): 116-121, doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2019.219.
    Description: SPURS-2 (Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study 2) used the schooner Lady Amber, a small sailing research vessel, to deploy, service, maintain, and recover a variety of oceanographic and meteorological instruments in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Low operational costs allowed us to frequently deploy floats and drifters to collect data necessary for resolving the regional circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific. The small charter gave us the opportunity to deploy drifters in locations chosen according to current conditions, to recover and deploy various autonomous instruments in a targeted and adaptive manner, and to collect additional near-surface and atmospheric measurements in the remote SPURS-2 region.
    Description: Tragically, Lady Amber Captain Peter Flanagan passed away on March 15, 2016, after the initial transit. This was a big loss for his friends and crew—his enthusiasm will be sorely missed. We acknowledge the owner and crew of Lady Amber for remaining committed to the SPURS-2 work. This work would not have been possible without Captain Arran Flanagan and Captain Ryan Struthers and the capable crew of Lady Amber. This project was supported by NASA grant NNX15AT40G. We also acknowledge the contribution of Justin Burnett, Jesse Dosher, and Aaron Paget to the design and installation of the LAPS, and the support and cooperation from all the SPURS-2 PIs.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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