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  • 1
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    Earthquake Activity in Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone Off Vancouver Island Revealed by Ocean‐Bottom Seismograph Observations (2014)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-18
    Description: Offshore seismicity at the Cascadia margin is poorly constrained because nearly all previous recordings of earthquakes were made using land‐based networks. We conducted earthquake monitoring off Vancouver Island in northern Cascadia using ocean‐bottom seismographs. Our results show that most of the offshore seismicity is concentrated along the Nootka fault zone. Otherwise seismicity is extremely low, with no earthquakes located along the shallow, seismogenic part of the megathrust. The lack of interplate seismicity may indicate complete healing and locking of the megathrust over three centuries after the great earthquake of 1700 and a somewhat lower degree of structure heterogeneity, such as subducting seamounts. Events along the Nootka fault zone occur over a 10–15 km depth range. This wide distribution and the previously reported overall moment release rate suggest that a significant part of deformation of this fault zone is aseismic. Several earthquakes beneath the continental shelf may be related to faults dividing tectonic terrains within the overriding plate.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 2
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    Fracture Alignments in Marine Sediments Off Vancouver Island fromPsSplitting Analysis (2016)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-15
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 3
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    Gas hydrate dissociation off Svalbard induced by isostatic rebound rather than global warming (2018)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Communications, 9 (Article number: 83 ).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: Methane seepage from the upper continental slopes of Western Svalbard has previously been attributed to gas hydrate dissociation induced by anthropogenic warming of ambient bottom waters. Here we show that sediment cores drilled off Prins Karls Foreland contain freshwater from dissociating hydrates. However, our modeling indicates that the observed pore water freshening began around 8 ka BP when the rate of isostatic uplift outpaced eustatic sea-level rise. The resultant local shallowing and lowering of hydrostatic pressure forced gas hydrate dissociation and dissolved chloride depletions consistent with our geochemical analysis. Hence, we propose that hydrate dissociation was triggered by postglacial isostatic rebound rather than anthropogenic warming. Furthermore, we show that methane fluxes from dissociating hydrates were considerably smaller than present methane seepage rates implying that gas hydrates were not a major source of methane to the oceans, but rather acted as a dynamic seal, regulating methane release from deep geological reservoirs.
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  • 4
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    Fracture alignments in marine sediments off Vancouver Island from Ps splitting analysis (2017)
    Seismological Society of America
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107 (1). pp. 387-402.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Alignments of fractures and cracks in marine sediments may be controlled by various mechanisms such as horizontal compaction and extension and basement faulting. The orientation of these alignments can be estimated through analyses of S‐wave splitting. If sensors in ocean‐bottom observations are deployed through free fall, sensor orientation needs to be determined in order for the recorded data to be used for such analyses. Here, we estimate the sensor orientation from the linear particle motions of P‐to‐s (Ps) phases converted at the sediment–basement interface and also from T waves that are excited by earthquakes and propagate in the seawater. We examine waveforms of local earthquakes recorded by 32 ocean‐bottom seismometers (OBSs) that were deployed through free fall for three months in 2010 off Vancouver Island where the strike‐slip Nootka fault zone (NFZ) intersects the deformation front of the Cascadia subduction zone. Because the particle motion of the Ps wave was corrected by estimating splitting parameters, the fast polarization direction, which reflects S‐wave anisotropic structure within the sediment, can also be evaluated. Consequently, we could estimate the fast polarization direction at OBSs deployed near the NFZ and west of the deformation front. The obtained fast directions appeared to correspond to alignments of shear fractures in the marine sediments associated with the left‐lateral motion of the fault in the basement along the NFZ, margin‐normal cracks due to horizontal compression west of and slightly away from the deformation front, and frontal thrust faults within the accretionary prism near the deformation front.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Earthquake Activity in Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone Off Vancouver Island Revealed by Ocean-Bottom Seismograph Observations (2015)
    Seismological Society of America
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105 (1). pp. 489-495.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-21
    Description: Offshore seismicity at the Cascadia margin is poorly constrained because nearly all previous recordings of earthquakes were made using land‐based networks. We conducted earthquake monitoring off Vancouver Island in northern Cascadia using ocean‐bottom seismographs. Our results show that most of the offshore seismicity is concentrated along the Nootka fault zone. Otherwise seismicity is extremely low, with no earthquakes located along the shallow, seismogenic part of the megathrust. The lack of interplate seismicity may indicate complete healing and locking of the megathrust over three centuries after the great earthquake of 1700 and a somewhat lower degree of structure heterogeneity, such as subducting seamounts. Events along the Nootka fault zone occur over a 10–15 km depth range. This wide distribution and the previously reported overall moment release rate suggest that a significant part of deformation of this fault zone is aseismic. Several earthquakes beneath the continental shelf may be related to faults dividing tectonic terrains within the overriding plate.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Thermal Condition of the 27 October 2012 Mw 7.8 Haida Gwaii Subduction Earthquake at the Obliquely Convergent Queen Charlotte Margin (2015)
    Seismological Society of America
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105 (2B). pp. 1290-1300.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-21
    Description: The 2012 Mw 7.8 Haida Gwaii earthquake confirmed very oblique subduction and slip partitioning at the southern Queen Charlotte margin. In this study, we re‐examine the thermal regime near the earthquake using new model constraints and with the recognition that hydrothermal circulation in the subducting oceanic crust can significantly affect the margin thermal regime. The observed heat flow values are extremely high just seaward of the trench but decrease rapidly landward. We explain this pattern as the consequence of very vigorous hydrothermal circulation in the subducting oceanic crust. Using a finite‐element model, we simulate the thermal effect of the circulation using a high‐conductivity proxy that represents a very high Nusselt number in an aquifer along the top of the oceanic plate. Our thermal model indicates that the temperature at the intersection of the megathrust and the strike‐slip Queen Charlotte fault (QCF) just seaward of the coast is about 350° C, approximately the limit of seismogenic behavior, and cooler than previous models that did not include hydrothermal circulation. The change of plate motion kinematics across the QCF approximately coincides with a down‐dip transition of the thermally controlled seismogenic behavior of the megathrust. Seaward of the QCF, the shallow megathrust accommodates mainly the margin‐normal component of relative plate motion, with the strike‐slip component accommodated by the QCF. This portion of the megathrust exhibits stick slip and produced the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake. Landward of the QCF, the megathrust fully accommodates the very oblique motion of the oceanic plate beneath the continental crust and exhibits creep.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Distributed natural gas venting offshore along the Cascadia margin (2018)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Communications, 9 (3264).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: Widespread gas venting along the Cascadia margin is investigated from acoustic water column data and reveals a nonuniform regional distribution of over 1100 mapped acoustic flares. The highest number of flares occurs on the shelf, and the highest flare density is seen around the nutrition-rich outflow of the Juan de Fuca Strait. We determine similar to 430 flow-rates at similar to 340 individual flare locations along the margin with instantaneous in situ values ranging from similar to 6 mL min(-1) to similar to 18 L min(-1). Applying a tidal-modulation model, a depth-dependent methane density, and extrapolating these results across the margin using two normalization techniques yields a combined average in situ flow-rate of similar to 88 x 10(6) kg y(-1). The average methane flux-rate for the Cascadia margin is thus estimated to similar to 0.9 g y(-1) m(-2). Combined uncertainties result in a range of these values between 4.5 and 1800% of the estimated mean values.
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  • 8
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    Tectonic evolution of the Nootka fault zone and deformation of the shallow subducted Explorer plate in northern Cascadia as revealed by earthquake distributions and seismic tomography (2023)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: At the northern Cascadia subduction zone, the subducting Explorer and Juan de Fuca plates interact across a transform deformation zone, known as the Nootka fault zone (NFZ). This study continues the Seafloor Earthquake Array Japan Canada Cascadia Experiment to a second phase (SeaJade II) consisting of nine months of recording of earthquakes using ocean-bottom and land-based seismometers. In addition to mapping the distribution of seismicity, including an M W 6.4 earthquake and aftershocks along the previously unknown Nootka Sequence Fault, we also conducted seismic tomography, which delineates the geometry of the shallow subducting Explorer plate (ExP). We derived hundreds of high-quality focal mechanism solutions from the SeaJade II data. The mechanisms manifest a complex regional tectonic state, with normal faulting of the ExP west of the NFZ, left-lateral strike-slip behaviour of the NFZ, and reverse faulting within the overriding plate above the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. Using data from the combined SeaJade I and II catalogs, we have performed double-difference hypocentre relocations and found seismicity lineations to the southeast of, and oriented 18° clockwise from, the subducted NFZ, which we interpret to represent less active small faults off the primary faults of the NFZ. These lineations are not optimally oriented for shear failure in the regional stress field, which we inferred from averaged focal mechanism solutions, and may represent paleo-configurations of the NFZ. Further, active faults interpreted from seismicity lineations within the subducted plate, including the Nootka Sequence Fault, may have originated as conjugate faults within the paleo-NFZ.
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  • 9
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    Megathrust reflectivity reveals the updip limit of the 2014 Iquique earthquake rupture (2022)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: The updip limit of seismic rupture during a megathrust earthquake exerts a major control on the size of the resulting tsunami. Offshore Northern Chile, the 2014 Mw 8.1 Iquique earthquake ruptured the plate boundary between 19.5° and 21°S. Rupture terminated under the mid-continental slope and did not propagate updip to the trench. Here, we use state-of-the-art seismic reflection data to investigate the tectonic setting associated with the apparent updip arrest of rupture propagation at 15 km depth during the Iquique earthquake. We document a spatial correspondence between the rupture area and the seismic reflectivity of the plate boundary. North and updip of the rupture area, a coherent, highly reflective plate boundary indicates excess fluid pressure, which may prevent the accumulation of elastic strain. In contrast, the rupture area is characterized by the absence of plate boundary reflectivity, which suggests low fluid pressure that results in stress accumulation and thus controls the extent of earthquake rupture. Generalizing these results, seismic reflection data can provide insights into the physical state of the shallow plate boundary and help to assess the potential for future shallow rupture in the absence of direct measurements of interplate deformation from most outermost forearc slopes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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