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  • 1
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    Phosphorylation of MLL by ATR is required for execution of mammalian S-phase checkpoint (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-08
    Description: Cell cycle checkpoints are implemented to safeguard the genome, avoiding the accumulation of genetic errors. Checkpoint loss results in genomic instability and contributes to the evolution of cancer. Among G1-, S-, G2- and M-phase checkpoints, genetic studies indicate the role of an intact S-phase checkpoint in maintaining genome integrity. Although the basic framework of the S-phase checkpoint in multicellular organisms has been outlined, the mechanistic details remain to be elucidated. Human chromosome-11 band-q23 translocations disrupting the MLL gene lead to poor prognostic leukaemias. Here we assign MLL as a novel effector in the mammalian S-phase checkpoint network and identify checkpoint dysfunction as an underlying mechanism of MLL leukaemias. MLL is phosphorylated at serine 516 by ATR in response to genotoxic stress in the S phase, which disrupts its interaction with, and hence its degradation by, the SCF(Skp2) E3 ligase, leading to its accumulation. Stabilized MLL protein accumulates on chromatin, methylates histone H3 lysine 4 at late replication origins and inhibits the loading of CDC45 to delay DNA replication. Cells deficient in MLL showed radioresistant DNA synthesis and chromatid-type genomic abnormalities, indicative of S-phase checkpoint dysfunction. Reconstitution of Mll(-/-) (Mll also known as Mll1) mouse embryonic fibroblasts with wild-type but not S516A or DeltaSET mutant MLL rescues the S-phase checkpoint defects. Moreover, murine myeloid progenitor cells carrying an Mll-CBP knock-in allele that mimics human t(11;16) leukaemia show a severe radioresistant DNA synthesis phenotype. MLL fusions function as dominant negative mutants that abrogate the ATR-mediated phosphorylation/stabilization of wild-type MLL on damage to DNA, and thus compromise the S-phase checkpoint. Together, our results identify MLL as a key constituent of the mammalian DNA damage response pathway and show that deregulation of the S-phase checkpoint incurred by MLL translocations probably contributes to the pathogenesis of human MLL leukaemias.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2940944/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2940944/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Han -- Takeda, Shugaku -- Kumar, Rakesh -- Westergard, Todd D -- Brown, Eric J -- Pandita, Tej K -- Cheng, Emily H-Y -- Hsieh, James J-D -- CA119008/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA123232/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA129537/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA119008/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA119008-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA119008-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA119008-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA119008-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA119008-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 16;467(7313):343-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09350. Epub 2010 Sep 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chromatin/metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Replication/physiology ; Genes, Dominant/genetics ; Genomic Instability/physiology ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ; Histones/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Leukemia/genetics ; Lysine/metabolism ; Methylation ; Mice ; Myeloid Progenitor Cells/metabolism ; Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; S Phase/*physiology ; S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Translocation, Genetic/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Single-stranded DNA-binding protein hSSB1 is critical for genomic stability (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-02
    Description: Single-strand DNA (ssDNA)-binding proteins (SSBs) are ubiquitous and essential for a wide variety of DNA metabolic processes, including DNA replication, recombination, DNA damage detection and repair. SSBs have multiple roles in binding and sequestering ssDNA, detecting DNA damage, stimulating nucleases, helicases and strand-exchange proteins, activating transcription and mediating protein-protein interactions. In eukaryotes, the major SSB, replication protein A (RPA), is a heterotrimer. Here we describe a second human SSB (hSSB1), with a domain organization closer to the archaeal SSB than to RPA. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase phosphorylates hSSB1 in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). This phosphorylation event is required for DNA damage-induced stabilization of hSSB1. Upon induction of DNA damage, hSSB1 accumulates in the nucleus and forms distinct foci independent of cell-cycle phase. These foci co-localize with other known repair proteins. In contrast to RPA, hSSB1 does not localize to replication foci in S-phase cells and hSSB1 deficiency does not influence S-phase progression. Depletion of hSSB1 abrogates the cellular response to DSBs, including activation of ATM and phosphorylation of ATM targets after ionizing radiation. Cells deficient in hSSB1 exhibit increased radiosensitivity, defective checkpoint activation and enhanced genomic instability coupled with a diminished capacity for DNA repair. These findings establish that hSSB1 influences diverse endpoints in the cellular DNA damage response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richard, Derek J -- Bolderson, Emma -- Cubeddu, Liza -- Wadsworth, Ross I M -- Savage, Kienan -- Sharma, Girdhar G -- Nicolette, Matthew L -- Tsvetanov, Sergie -- McIlwraith, Michael J -- Pandita, Raj K -- Takeda, Shunichi -- Hay, Ronald T -- Gautier, Jean -- West, Stephen C -- Paull, Tanya T -- Pandita, Tej K -- White, Malcolm F -- Khanna, Kum Kum -- CA10445/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA123232/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA92245/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):677-81. doi: 10.1038/nature06883. Epub 2008 Apr 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18449195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle/drug effects/radiation effects ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; *DNA Repair/radiation effects ; DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; *Genomic Instability/radiation effects ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Transport/radiation effects ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Signal Transduction/drug effects/radiation effects ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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