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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterning of sodium ions and the control of electrons in sodium cobaltate (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 445 (2007), S. 631-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sodium cobaltate (NaxCoO2) has emerged as a material of exceptional scientific interest due to the potential for thermoelectric applications, and because the strong interplay between the magnetic and superconducting properties has led to close comparisons with the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05531
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of feeding in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba (1983)
    Springer
    Polar biology 2 (1983), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The interaction between feeding activity, swarming behaviour and vertical migration in Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana, was examined by a combination of laboratory physiology studies and intensive field sampling of a patch of krill located NE of South Georgia, in April 1980. The combined use of echolocation and a series of timed net hauls from discrete depth horizons revealed a diurnal rhythm of swarming behaviour, vertical migration and gut fullness. Laboratory physiological data showed that krill will filter feed throughout the 24 h but with peak activity by night, and that filtration rate is affected by krill density. Biochemical studies in vitro indicated that rates of lipid synthesis are generally highest at the surface and by night. These results are discussed in relation to other studies of krill feeding activity and suggestions made for further research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258281
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sampling biological characteristics of krill: Effect of heterogeneous nature of swarms (1990)
    Springer
    Marine biology 107 (1990), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An effect of the very patchy distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) in various forms of aggregation is that a single swarm may not provide an unbiased estimate of population parameters such as mean length of krill in the local area. Here, we analyse the number of samples required to estimate the characteristics of a local population as precisely as if there were no differences between krill swarms in terms of their biological composition. Krill were intensively sampled over different spatial and temporal scales around South Georgia in 1981 and 1982, and in the Bransfield Strait in 1985. These varied from replicate hauls at a single station over 24 h and repeat sampling in restricted areas over periods of 6 to 14 d to regional surveys around South Georgia and in the Bransfield Strait. Various biological characteristics were measured such as length, maturity, moult stage and feeding state. Depending upon the biological characteristic examined and the area covered by the sampling programme, the number of samples needed to obtain the same degree of precision as would be found in the absence of heterogeneity varied from 3 to 〉 80 samples. This has important implications for the design of net-sampling programme for monitoring krill populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01313422
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moult in relation to some aspects of reproduction and growth in swarms of Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba (1996)
    Springer
    Marine biology 127 (1996), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a 14-d period 38 swarms of Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba Dana, were sampled in an area 55.5 x 55.5 km to the southwest of Elephant Island, at the north of the South Shetland Islands. Moult stage, maturity stage, and size of ca. 100 krill from each swarm were measured. Each of the characteristics varied greatly between swarms. Moulting krill were found in most swarms, but in one swarm all of the krill were just about to moult. Ways in which moulting may act as a possible sorting mechanism are discussed. Data for all the analysed krill (ca. 3000 specimens) were used to investigate the interdependence of moult rate, sexual maturation and growth. While all immature krill moulted at approximately the saine rate in the study, there were significant differences in the moulting rates of mature male and female krill. Gravid female krill continued to moult, although less frequently than mature males. As a consequence males had to attach spermatophores to females after each moult. It is likely that variation in moult rate of females and males was related to the energy expenditure required for ovary development in females and spermatophore production and searching behaviour in males. Spawning and moulting were only partly coupled in gravid females. Spawning appeared to take place predominantly during Moult Stage D2. There was no evidence of intermoult growth by intersegmental dilation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00942104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences between swarms of Antarctic krill and some implications for sampling krill populations (1986)
    Springer
    Marine biology 93 (1986), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana, were sampled from 28 discrete swarms in a small area south west of Elphant Island, South Shetlands, over a period of 14 d (24 February-9 March 1985). Four biological characteristics of the krill (length, sex, moult, gut fullness) were examined in a study of variation between swarms. Analysis of these characteristics indicated extensive differences between swarms and no single characteristic, or combination of characteristics, emerged as consistently accounting for the observed heterogeneity. There was no relationship between the degree of heterogeneity and the physical or temporal proximity of swarms. The variability between even close swarms strongly suggests that swarms are the basic unit of organization of krill populations. This conclusion has important implications for sampling programmes aimed at estimating population parameters. Thus, in the population studied here, we calculate that it was necessary to sample 23 swarms to estimate mean length and 10 swarms to establish a reliable estimate for the proportion of females in the population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428662
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nocturnal changes in the mean length of a euphausiid population: vertical migration, net avoidance, or experimental error? (1985)
    Springer
    Marine biology 86 (1985), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lengths of 9 421 Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana, from 144 net samples from 4 depth ranges at the same location (north east of South Georgia) were measured over a period of 6 d. While the mean lengths showed differences between each depth range in each time period of each day, the only consistent difference occurred in the period 00.00 to 04.00 hrs local time, when the mean lengths of krill were up to 2 mm greater than those found at other times. While vertical migration may have contributed to this nocturnal change in mean length, differences in measurement techniques between observers were also implicated. Controlled laboratory experiments confirmed that there were significant differences between measurements of the same krill analysed by six different observers while there were no significant differences in replicate measurements made by a single observer. These results have important implications for future studies involving length and length-frequency analysis, and suitable precautions and experimental protocols are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399017
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards an energy budget for krill: The physiology and biochemistry of Euphausia superba Dana (1983)
    Springer
    Polar biology 2 (1983), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Published data on the oxygen consumption, nitrogen excretion, feeding, growth and moulting physiology of the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, are reviewed with particular reference to experimental methodology and the value of the data for the construction of an energy budget. It is concluded that the relationship between basal oxygen consumption (QO2, in ml h-1) and wet weight (W, in grams) can be described by the relationship QO2=0.0813 W0.88, that filtration rates in krill are high (but possibly reduced in dense swarms), and growth of adult krill in summer is about 2 mm per week. Using these data a preliminary energy budget has been constructed for adult krill at South Georgia in summer. This budget highlights the lack of data on the energetic costs of swimming and feeding in krill, and also the environmental and behavioural data necessary for the extrapolation of an individual energy budget to a swarm or whole population. This preliminary budget suggests a daily energy intake for male krill in summer of about 5% body weight per day. A minimal estimate of the cost of reproduction in female krill from the energy content of the ovary suggests that in a maturing female energy intake can be in excess of 6% body weight per day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303172
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity Measurements of Ammonia, R32, and R134a. Vapor Buoyancy and Radial Acceleration in Capillary Viscometers (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 401-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: ammonia ; alternative refrigerants ; capillary viscometer ; R32 ; R134a ; saturated liquid ; radial acceleration correction ; vapor buoyancy ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The saturated liquid viscosity of ammonia (NH3) and of the hydrofluorocarbons, difluoromethane (CH2F2, R32) and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CF3–CH2F, R134a), was measured in a sealed gravitational viscometer with a straight vertical capillary. The combined temperature range was from 250 to 350 K. The estimated uncertainty of the ammonia measurements is ±3.3 and ±2 to 2.4% for the hydrofluorocarbons with a coverage factor of two. The results are compared with literature data which have been measured with capillary viscometers of different design. Agreement within the combined experimental uncertainty is achieved when some of the literature data sets are corrected for the vapor buoyancy effect and when a revised radial acceleration correction is applied to data which were obtained in viscometers with coiled capillaries. An improved correction for the radial acceleration is proposed. It is necessary to extend inter-national viscometry standards to sealed gravitational capillary instruments because the apparent inconsistencies between refrigerant viscosity data from different laboratories cannot be explained by contaminated samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022644718603
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ hybridisation identifies the gill as a portal of entry for PKX (Phylum Myxozoa), the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonids (2000)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 86 (2000), S. 950-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PKX (Phylum Myxozoa) is an important pathogen affecting salmonid culture in Western Europe and North America. All of the available oligonucleotide probes developed for the PCR amplification of PKX DNA were examined for their ability to detect PKX in fixed tissue sections using in situ hybridisation. Out of the 12 probes examined, only four stained PKX in tissue sections. The specificity of these probes to PKX was examined by testing them individually against a range of myxosporean infections. One of the probes (1032) cross-reacted with Sphaerospora truttae infecting brown trout kidney and stained this parasite in tissue sections, while probe 6R stained stickleback DNA. The results from these studies allowed for an optimised, relatively rapid, in situ hybridisation protocol to be developed for PKX detection. Using this protocol, a preliminary study was conducted on the life history of the parasite in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. This demonstrated the presence of PKX in the gill arch 3 days after initial exposure in an enzootic river. It is suggested that a portal of entry for PKX is the gill. From here, it migrates to the kidney where the disease progresses as previously described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008525
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  • 10
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    Indentation crack initiation in ion-exchanged aluminosilicate glass (2004)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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