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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multivalent avimer proteins evolved by exon shuffling of a family of human receptor domains (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 23 (2005), S. 1556-1561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] We have developed a class of binding proteins, called avimers, to overcome the limitations of antibodies and other immunoglobulin-based therapeutic proteins. Avimers are evolved from a large family of human extracellular receptor domains by in vitro exon shuffling and phage display, generating ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1166
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction and evolution of antibody–phage libraries by DMA shuffling (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 2 (1996), S. 100-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Antibody engineering efforts are currently focused on the construction of ever larger naive human antibody-phage (Ab-phage) libraries, from which the best clones are purified over several selection cycles, mostly without significant evolution of the antibody sequence1. A different strategy ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0196-100
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nontransgenic crops from transgenic plants (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 20 (2002), S. 215-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] It is possible to produce nontransgenic crops from transgenic plants. The transgenic sequence is deleted by tissue-specific or chemically induced excision from plants in the field. An inducible promoter drives expression of a gene for a site-specific recombinase, such as Cre, which excises a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0302-215
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How to publish DNA sequences with copyright protection (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 20 (2002), S. 217-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] I propose here an approach to encoding that will allow genomics companies to make their sequences available to the public while retaining some intellectual property (IP) protection. Using this approach, such companies would transform the DNA sequences in their databases into music files (e.g., MP3 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0302-217
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Directed evolution of proteins by exon shuffling (2001)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 19 (2001), S. 423-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Evolution of eukaryotes is mediated by sexual recombination of parental genomes. Crossovers occur in random, but homologous, positions at a frequency that depends on DNA length. As exons occupy only 1% of the human genome and introns about 24%, by far most of the crossovers occur between exons, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/88084
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genome shuffling of Lactobacillus for improved acid tolerance (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 20 (2002), S. 707-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Fermentation-based bioprocesses rely extensively on strain improvement for commercialization. Whole-cell biocatalysts are commonly limited by low tolerance of extreme process conditions such as temperature, pH, and solute concentration. Rational approaches to improving such complex ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0702-707
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical clock distribution with a compact free space interconnect system (1994)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 26 (1994), S. S471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical clock signal distribution has been widely discussed to be an attractive way to reduce the clock skew in high-speed digital systems. For short interconnect lengths, especially for chip level clock distribution, free space systems using diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have specific advantages. The optoelectronic pathway described in this paper consists of a GaAs laser diode, a microetched silicon mirror, a faceted diffractive element and four silicon photodiodes hybridized to a (dummy) silicon chip. The key element of the clock distribution demonstrator is the diffractive element which matches setup requirements like compactness, off-axis geometry and use of an unshaped laser beam. The whole setup meets the demands of alignment accuracy in an excellent way. This is achieved by the very good imaging characteristic of the DOE and by an alignment technique based on precision mounting of micromachined silicon components. The system was tested with clock rates up to 2.5 GHz, the cut-off frequency is 350 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306218
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The reliability of inductive inferences and our innate capacities (1978)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary One of the important problems that have to be dealt with in the Philosophy of Science is to account for the high reliability of a very large part of our inductive inferences. This reliability is noteworthy because not only were many of these inferences made by ordinary people, even by children, but they were very often based on the observation of just a few positive instances. In the present paper, I deal with this problem by treating it as a normal empirical problem. This approach enables us to make an important step towards an explanation of the phenomenon and, consequently, towards the formulation of a general theory of scientific inquiry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801943
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The goodman paradox (1975)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 6 (1975), S. 340-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary With the help of psychological and biological concepts it is possible todescribe adequately a fundamental class of inductive inferences that are intuitively correct. Moreover, by relying on evolutionary theories it is possible tojustify them, because they reflect innate, hence useful, capacities. These inferences, however, refer to the past, i.e. the inferred generalization is of the form “All Awere B”. The reason is that evolutionary theories only claim that innate capacitieshad survival value. With respect to inductive inferences about the future the situation is different. In particular, they are affected by the Goodman paradox. In the article, a method is proposed which enables us to describe adequately a basic class of inductive inferences about the future which are intuitively correct. These inferences can also be justified, but their justification requires a very specific assumption. The conclusions arrived at in the article can be viewed as a satisfactory solution to the Goodman paradox.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800794
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon mineralization and microbial activity in a field site trial used for 14C turnover experiments over a period of 30 years (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 294-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon mineralization ; 14C ; Soil microbial biomass ; Manure amendment ; Long-term experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Long-term experiments on different crop management systems provide essential information about turnover of soil organic matter and changes in microbial properties over a period of time. A long-term field site trial, which was established in 1967 near Vienna, Austria, to document the fate of 14C-labelled manure (straw and farmyard) under different crop management systems (crop rotation, spring wheat and bare fallow), was investigated. Soil samples were taken in 1997 and separated into size fractions (〉250 μm, 250–63 μm, 63–2 μm, 2–0.1 μm and 〈0.1 μm) after aggregate dispersion using low-energy sonication. Organic C, total N and 14C content were measured in the bulk soil and the size fractions and microbial properties were analysed in the bulk soil. Additionally, C mineralization in bulk soil samples was monitored at 20 °C over a period of 28 days, and subsequently 14C-CO2 content was analysed. The distribution of organic C and N within the size fractions was similar between crop rotation and spring wheat; the highest amounts of organic C and N were found in the clay-sized fraction. The amounts of C and N were significantly smaller in the bare fallow, which was depleted of organic matter in the coarse-sized fractions. 14C distribution differed significantly from unlabelled C distribution, labelled C was accumulated in the silt-sized fraction, indicating weak humification of the applied manure C. The highest rate of C mineralization was measured in the crop rotation and spring wheat, whereas the emission rate of the bare fallow was about 40% lower. The higher 14C:C ratio of the bulk soil in comparison to the emitted CO2 indicated that labelled C compounds still remained mineralizable after a period of 30 years. Microbial properties showed a great difference between crop management systems and bare fallow, particularly regarding urease and xylanase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050659
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