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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The habitat and nature of early life (2001)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 409 (2001), S. 1083-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Earth is over 4,500 million years old. Massive bombardment of the planet took place for the first 500–700 million years, and the largest impacts would have been capable of sterilizing the planet. Probably until 4,000 million years ago or later, occasional impacts might have heated the ocean ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35059210
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Depth of Rock Damage from Strong Seismic Ground Motions near the 2004 Parkfield Mainshock (2009)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-23
    Description: Changes in the S-P delay of repeating earthquakes near Parkfield, California, after strong shaking in the 2004 mainshock, occur at surface stations but not at borehole stations. This result indicates that rock damage occurs mainly in the upper few tens of meters in fractured rock with a low seismic velocity. In addition, changes in coda-primary delay are comparable to changes in S-P delay. This observation along with the lack of S-P delay changes at borehole stations yields a simple model for the coda. Direct waves pass through the shallow damaged layer once. Coda waves scatter or refract in the deep undamaged subsurface and hence also pass through the subsurface just once. The coda, however, contains some brief reverberations within the shallow subsurface where the additional path length scales to the thickness of the shallow layer. The coda-primary delay measured by correlation includes both the zero delay change of direct coda and the increased delay of reverberating coda. Published changes in Rayleigh-wave group velocity before and after the Parkfield mainshock are compatible with their main cause being from the shallow velocity changes inferred from repeating earthquakes but have little spatial resolution. Stacking of earthquake seismograms resolved surface reflections at one shallow (63 m deep) borehole station GHIB. A change in P-wave travel-time body of approximately 8 msec was marginally resolved and is compatible with the repeating earthquake S-P delay changes. Autocorrelation passive seismology resolved approximately 32 msec P-wave reverberation delay change above the 251 m deep borehole station CCRB.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 3
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    The Events of February 4, 1883, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois (1981)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 4
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    Nonlinear Behavior of Strong Surface Waves Trapped in Sedimentary Basins (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-15
    Description: Numerical calculations and observations indicate that surface waves reverberate within sedimentary basins. A site response approach is inapplicable to the nonlinear attenuation of these waves as the energy passes repeatedly through the shallow subsurface. Computed dynamic stresses obtained by using published ShakeOut calculations (Graves et al., 2008) indicate that nonlinear attenuation is modest but not negligible in the Los Angeles, California, basin for large earthquakes on the San Andreas fault. The dominant surface waves have velocity amplitudes of approximately 1.5 m sec (super -1) and periods approximately 3.5 sec. Around 20% of the total elastic strain energy resides above dynamic/lithostatic stress ratios of 0.2 for both Rayleigh and Love waves where prestressed rock is highly likely to fail somewhat in friction.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 5
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    Site Resonance from Strong Ground Motions at Lucerne, California, during the 1992 Landers Mainshock (2012)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-01
    Description: Analog station LUC near Lucerne, California, recorded strong motions from the nearby (1.25 km) fault rupture during the 28 June 1992 Landers mainshock. The records illustrate general issues that can arise at near-field stations. In the area of the station, weathered granite regolith with 400 m/s S-wave velocity overlies intact granite with 3000 m/s S-wave velocity. A strongly reverberating signal persisted for several seconds after near-field velocity pulse passed. Recovery of the vertical record in digital form provided calibration of resonant site properties and qualitative separation of site and source effects. The dominant signal on the vertical spectrum arises from vertically reverberating P waves in an approximately 13.5-m-thick layer. Horizontal spectra marginally resolve the analogous resonance for vertical S waves and coupling of vertical P waves into horizontal motion. Here, resonant amplification of a broad high-frequency band approximately 5-40 Hz by a factor of a few over lower frequencies sufficed to dominate acceleration records and to make velocity records jittery. Conversely, the amplitude damping times of these resonances are much less than 1 s, indicating that the time-domain decay of the acceleration signal over approximately 8 s is an incident-wave effect. Overall, the raw seismograms represent incident incoming high-frequency 5-40 Hz signals, but poorly resolved directional effects preclude straightforward determination of the incident body waves.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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