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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (25)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (25)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategies for the application of biomarkers for risk assessment and efficacy in breast cancer chemoprevention trials (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; chemoprevention ; genetic instability ; intermediate biomarkers ; multistep carcinogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Current chemoprevention trial designs based on epidemiological risk assessment and occurrence of cancer as an endpoint are inefficient and expensive. Novel biomarkers are needed to facilitate the development of chemopreventive interventions. The following four categories of biomarkers may be useful in prevention trials: histologic and morphometric markers; phenotypic markers of dysregulated proliferation, differentiation, and cell loss; specific oncogenes and growth regulators which are qualitatively or quantitatively altered in breast cancers; and markers of genetic and epigenetic instability. Some of these markers will be generally useful regardless of the chemopreventive approach used, whereas others may be uniquely useful in trials of specific chemopreventive agents [e.g., upregulation of progesterone receptor (PR) expression in response to tamoxifen]. The development of these markers requires three phases of study: “Phase I”: assessing the prevalence of the putative marker in malignant and premalignant tissue from individuals who have developed breast cancer; “Phase II”: assessing in vivo modulation of the biomarker by the proposed chemopreventive agent; and “Phase III”: applying the proposed biomarker in larger-scale trials of chemopreventive agent in high-risk populations, either before or after the development of a primary breast malignancy. The use of these biomarkers may also allow identification of novel targets for chemoprevention.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240531106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA adducts in model systems and humans (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 138-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Adduct dosimetry ; MeIQx ; PhIP ; accelerator mass spectrometry ; 32P-postlabeling ; DNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The etiology of chemically induced cancer is thought to involve the covalent binding of carcinogens to DNA (adducts) leading to mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, and ultimately to tumors. Thus, the DNA-carcinogen adduct has been used as a measurable biochemical endpoint in laboratory studies designed to assess carcinogen exposure, carcinogen metabolism, mutagenesis, and tumorigenesis. Unfortunately, the significance of adducts in the etiology of human cancer is still unclear. This is partially due to the difficulty detecting adducts at carcinogen exposures relevant to humans, which are often orders of magnitude lower than animal model exposures. The relationship between adducts and higher biological effects is also not known at low doses. We have been assessing the DNA damage caused by exposure to heterocyclic amine carcinogens in the diet. Using the technique of 32P-postlabeling in combination with accelerator mass spectrometry, we have determined that DNA adduction in rodents decreases linearly with decreasing dose from the high doses used in typical cancer bioassays to the low doses relevant to human exposures. For a given tissue, adduct levels are correlated with dose, but the level of DNA modification by carcinogens is tissue-specific and does not completely correlate with tumor site. This lack of correlation may be due to differences in adduct formation and repair rates among tissues. Comparison of carcinogen metabolism routes between rodents and humans also indicates that species differences could influence the amount and type of damage resulting from exposure to these carcinogens. The use of model systems to study dosimetry, species differences in adduction, and role of adducts in mutation will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the significance of adducts in human disease. This should eventually allow the use of adducts as biomarkers for estimating carcinogen exposure and individual susceptibility.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240531019
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms of glucocorticoid-mediated repression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in adipocytes (1997)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 66 (1997), S. 386-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: glucocorticoids ; PEPCK ; gene expression ; adipocytes ; dexamethasone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Glucocorticoids exert pleiotropic effects, among which negative regulation of transcription has been recognized as of crucial importance. While glucocorticoids induce phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression in liver cells, it represses gene activity in adipose cells. We used the 3T3-F442A adipocytes to analyze the underlying mechanisms. In these cells, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone exerts a dominant repression either on basal or on β-agonist stimulation of PEPCK gene expression. To determine whether glucocorticoid action required protein synthesis, we employed cycloheximide, anisomycin, and puromycin, three different translation inhibitors. None of these affected induction by isoprenaline or repression by dexamethasone of isoprenaline stimulation. In contrast, dexamethasone inhibitory action on basal PEPCK mRNA was totally prevented by the three translation inhibitors. Time courses of glucocorticoid action on basal and on induction by β-agonist were similar. Half-maximal effect of dexamethasone on isoprenaline-induced PEPCK mRNA was obtained at about 10 nM, a tenfold higher concentration than that observed for the reduction of basal mRNA. Using the transcription inhibitor DRB, we showed that dexamethasone did not alter mRNA half-life, while isoprenaline strongly stabilized mRNA. In a 3T3-F442A stable transfectant bearing -2,100 base pairs of the PEPCK promoter fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, isoprenaline stimulated CAT activity, whereas dexamethasone reduced basal and isoprenaline-induced CAT expression. Hence, β-agonists exert both transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, while glucocorticoid action is purely transcriptional. However, mechanisms of glucocorticoid repression of basal and of β-agonist stimulation appear different. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:386-393, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of endothelial cell proliferation, adhesion, and motility by recombinant heparin-binding domain and synthetic peptides from the type I repeats of thrombospondin (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 74-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: chemotaxis ; extracellular matrix ; angiogenesis ; basic fibroblast growth factor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Thrombospondin is an inhibitor of angiogenesis that modulates endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and motility. Synthetic peptides from the second type I repeat of human thrombospondin containing the consensus sequence -Trp-Ser-Pro-Trp- and a recombinant heparin binding fragment from the amino-terminus of thrombospondin mimic several of the activities of the intact protein. The peptides and heparin-binding domain promote endothelial cell adhesion, inhibit endothelial cell chemotaxis to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of aortic and corneal endothelial cells. The peptides also inhibit heparin-dependent binding of bFGF to corneal endothelial cells. The antiproliferative activities of the peptides correlate with their ability to bind to heparin and to inhibit bFGF binding to heparin. Peptides containing amino acid substitutions that eliminate heparin-binding do not alter chemotaxis or proliferation of endothelial cells. Inhibition of proliferation by the peptide is time-dependet and reversible. Thus, the antiproliferative activities of the thrombospondin peptides and recombinant heparin-binding domain result at least in part from competition with heparin-dependent growth factors for binding to endothelial cell proteoglycans. These results suggest that both the Trp-Ser-Xaa-Trp sequences in the type I repeats and the amino-terminal domain play roles in the antiproliferative activity of thrombospondin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240530109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subjects and recruitment strategies for a short-term phase II chemoprevention trial of breast cancer using surrogate endpoint biomarkers (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 257-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: No validated serum markers of breast cancer risk have been identified. Therefore, the identification of women for a clinical trial of surrogate endpoint biomarkers (SEBs) is complicated by the need for repeated sampling of breast parenchyma to determine the biologic effect of the chemopreventive agent. Criteria for the ideal study population include: (1) a rapidly identifiable high-risk profile; (2) the presence of a histologic lesion known to be associated with an increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer; and (3) clinical and ethical justification for repeated breast biopsies. The model of Gail et al. [1] accurately predicts the subsequent incidence of breast cancer for women who are being examined annually with mammography [2], but less than 10% of women younger than 50 years with elevated Gail-model risk scores have sufficient risk to enter the Bresat Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT). While not all eligible women will accept randomization, we have published data showing that more than 80% of women with two or more relatives with breast cancer perceive their personal risk for breast cancer to be high [3]. As many as half of these women say they are willing to participate in chemoprevention trials (data submitted for publication), but the requirement for repeated sampling of breast tissue in an SEB trial may prevent their enrollment. While it is possible to sample breast tissue without biopsy using fine needle aspiration, sampling errors occur due to random technical misses of the breast parenchyma in 25% of women with risk factors. Reliable, reproducible sampling necessitates either open or needle core biopsy. Therefore, women with a first biopsy done for clinical reasons are the most appropriate candidates for an SEB trial. We have estimated there are more than 1.2 million US white women age 50 or older with a history of biopsy showing proliferative benign breast disease; another 10,000 biopsies showing proliferative changes are done each year in US white women. Approximately 20% of women with proliferative disease also have atypical hyperplasia [4]. In addition, post-menopausal women with Stage I breast cancers can be considered for inclusion in an SEB trial because of the lack of consensus regarding adjuvant therapy. Sampling the contralateral breast at the time of breast cancer diagnosis followed by a trial of a chemopreventive agent is feasible in these women. Including patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) does not interfere with existing trials. SEBs can be studied in the original biopsy specimen, and the chemopreventive agent can be administered for a short duration before definitive radiotherapy is employed. Repeated sampling of breast tissue with open biopsy following a course of a chemopreventive agent is justifiable in this group with a 10-year risk of developing invasive breast cancer that approaches 40% in the absence of radiotherapy. We have shown that eligible and willing subjects for a chemoprevention trial can be recruited efficiently following screening mammography and rapid risk assessment (data submitted for publication). A similar strategy can be extended to pathologic data bases. We have also used group informed consent techniques with success for the BCPT. In this technique, groups of eligible women are educated together about the trial with a yield of 18% of eligible subjects enrolling. This strategy can be employed in a trial of SEBs. Because women with lobular carcinoma in situ are eligible for BCPT, they should not be studied in an SEB trial. In summary, women with proliferative disease with or without atypia, those with DCIS, post-menopausal women with Stage I disease, and possibly, women with increased multivariate risk for breast cancer constitute the ideal study populations for a trial of SEBs in breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240531160
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apolipoprotein E: A potent inhibitor of endothelial and tumor cell proliferation (1994)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 54 (1994), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: DNA ; heparin-binding growth factors ; basic fibroblast growth factor ; carcinoma cells ; angiogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Recombinant human apolipoprotein E3 (apoE), purified from E. coli, inhibited the proliferation of several cell types, including endothelial cells and tumor cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ApoE inhibited both de novo DNA synthesis and proliferation as assessed by an increase in cell number. Maximal inhibition of cell growth by apoE was achieved under conditions where proliferation was dependent on heparin-binding growth factors. Thus, at low serum concentrations (0-2.5%) basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulated the proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells severalfold. The bFGF-dependent proliferation was dramatically inhibited by apoE with an IC50 ≈ 50 nM. Under conditions where cell proliferation was mainly serum-dependent, apoE also suppressed growth but required higher concentrations to be effective (IC50 ≈ 500 nM). ApoE also inhibited growth of bovine corneal endothelial cells, human melanoma cells, and human breast carcinoma cells. The IC50 values obtained with these cells were generally 3-5 times higher than with BAE cells. Inhibition of cell proliferation by apoE was reversible and dependent on the time of apoE addition to the culture. In addition, apoE inhibited the chemotactic response of endothelial cells that were induced to migrate by a gradient of soluble bFGF. Inhibition of cell proliferation by apoE may be mediated both by competition for growth factor binding to proteoglycans and by an antiadhesive activity of apoE. The present results demonstrate that apoE is a potent inhibitor of proliferation of several cell types and suggest that apoE may be effective in modulating angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, and metastasis.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240540306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucocorticoids repress induction by thiazolidinediones, fibrates, and fatty acids of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in adipocytes (1998)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 68 (1998), S. 298-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: PEPCK ; adipocytes ; transcription ; fatty acids ; fibrates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) exerts a glyceroneogenic function in adipocytes in which transcription of its gene is increased by unsaturated fatty acids and fibrates. We used cultured rat adipose tissue fragments and 3T3-F442A adipocytes to show that the antidiabetic thiazolidinedione BRL 49653, a ligand and an activator of the γ isoform of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARγ), is a potent inducer of PEPCK mRNA. In 3T3-F442A adipocytes, the effect of BRL 49653 is rapid and concentration dependent, with a maximum reached at 1 μM and a half-maximum at 10-100 nM. PEPCK mRNA is similarly induced by the natural ligand of PPARγ, the 15-deoxy-Δ12-14 prostaglandin J2. These observations strongly suggest that PPARγ is a primary regulator of PEPCK gene expression in adipocytes. Dexamethasone at 10 nM repress induction of PEPCK mRNA by 1 μM BRL 49653, 0.32 mM oleate, or 1 mM clofibrate, in a cycloheximide-independent manner. The antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 prevents dexamethasone action, demonstrating involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor. Stable transfectants of 3T3-F442A adipocytes bearing -2100 to +69 base pairs of the PEPCK gene promoter fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene respond to 1 μM BRL 49653 or 1 mM clofibrate by a large increase in CAT activity, which is prevented by the simultaneous addition of 10 nM dexamethasone. Hence, in adipocytes, glucocorticoids act directly through the 5′-flanking region of the PEPCK gene to repress, in a dominant fashion, the stimulation of PEPCK gene transcription by thiazolidinediones and fibrates. J. Cell. Biochem. 68:298-308, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function of FGF-4 in limb development (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 39 (1994), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: FGF-4 ; Polarizing activity ; Limb development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The apical ectodermal ridge plays a central role in limb development through its interactions with the underlying mesenchyme. Removal of the AER results in cessation of limb outgrowth and leads to truncation of the limb along the proximo-distal axis. The many functions attributed to the ridge include maintenance of the progress zone mesenchyme. Here, cells are stimulated to proliferate, are maintained in an undifferentiated state, and are assigned progressively more distal positional values as the limb grows. The AER also functions to maintain the activity of the polarizing region, a region of mesenchyme which is thought to provide the primary signal for patterning along the antero-posterior axis.We have begun to explore the function of fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) during limb development. FGF-4, which encodes an efficiently secreted protein, is expressed in the AER. We have previously demonstrated that FGF-4 protein can stimulate limb mesenchyme proliferation and can induce the expression of a downstream homeobox gene, Evx-1 (homologue of the Drosophila even-skipped gene), that is normally regulated by a signal from the AER. To determine to what extent FGF-4 protein can substitute for the AER to allow normal limb outgrowth, we performed experiments on the developing chick limb in ovo. Remarkably, we find that after AER removal, the FGF-4 protein can provide all the signals required for virtually normal outgrowth and patterning of the limb. Further studies indicate that proliferation of progress zone cells is not sufficient, and that an additional signal is produced by the posterior mesenchyme in response to FGF-4 which enables progress zone cells to acquire progressively more distal fates. Thus FGF-4 maintains progress zone activity through a combination of at least two signals - one that acts directly on progress zone cells to stimulate their proliferation, and one that acts indirectly by maintaining the production of patterning signal(s) by the posterior mesenchyme. We further show that failure of the posterior mesenchyme to produce this signal correlates with failure to maintain polarizing activity. This raises the possibility that the signal produced by the posterior mesenchyme and required for progressive proximo-distal limb patterning is identical to the polarizing activity. Further experiments demonstrate that retinoic acid, which mimics the activity of the polarizing region, can supply this signal. In conclusion, the finding that a single growth factor can serve as both the direct and indirect signals required to maintain progress zone activity provides a simple mechanism for ensuring that growth and pattern formation are linked in the developing limb. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080390113
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The self renewal probability of hemopoietic stem cells (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 72 (1968), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The probability of a colony which originated as a single stem cell to become extinct due to differentiation of all of its stem cells in any generation is closely connected to stem cell self renewal probability p. p can be determined from the coefficient of variation of the colony numbers received by reinjecting single colonies of the same age. Whole spleens containing a known average colony number can also be used with advantage for this purpose. The results of both procedures indicate a stem cell self renewal probability p =0.62 ± 0.04, which does not change significantly between the sixth and the fourteenth day of colony development, and an extinction probability ω = 0.63 ± 0.12.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040720309
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth kinetics of hemopoietic fetal stem cellsSupported in part by NIH grant AM 13148, the Ligue Nationale Française Contre le Cancer and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale Française. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fetal spleen stem cells have growth characteristics similar to those of normal adult spleen stem cells. On the contrary there is an early fetal liver stem cell population which possesses a lag time longer than that of adult stem cells. The duration of the lag time is controlled by a built-in biological timer which seems to regulate some proliferative functions of the primitive liver stem cell.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040760116
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