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  • game playing  (4)
  • IAA  (3)
  • Cell culture
  • Genotypes
  • Springer  (9)
  • National Academy of Sciences
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  • Springer  (9)
  • National Academy of Sciences
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Learning Game-Specific Spatially-Oriented Heuristics (1998)
    Springer
    Constraints 3 (1998), S. 239-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9354
    Schlagwort(e): machine learning ; game playing ; spatial cognition ; extensible architectures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper describes an architecture that begins with enough general knowledge to play any board game as a novice, and then shifts its decision-making emphasis to learned, game-specific, spatially-oriented heuristics. From its playing experience, it acquires game-specific knowledge about both patterns and spatial concepts. The latter are proceduralized as learned, spatially-oriented heuristics. These heuristics represent a new level of feature aggregation that effectively focuses the program's attention. While training against an external expert, the program integrates these heuristics robustly. After training it exhibits both a new emphasis on spatially-oriented play and the ability to respond to novel situations in a spatially-oriented manner. This significantly improves performance against a variety of opponents. In addition, we address the issue of context on pattern learning. The procedures described here move toward learning spatially-oriented heuristics for autonomous programs in other spatial domains.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009734028965
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of memory and concepts in learning (1992)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 2 (1992), S. 239-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): Representation ; cognitive architecture ; concepts ; machine learning ; game playing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The extent to which concepts, memory, and planning are necessary to the simulation of intelligent behavior is a fundamental philosophical issue in Artificial Intelligence. An active and productive segement of the AI community has taken the position that multiple low-level agents, properly organized, can account for high-level behavior. Empirical research on these questions with fully operational systems has been restricted to mobile robots that do simple tasks. This paper recounts experiments with Hoyle, a system in a cerebral, rather than a physical, domain. The program learns to perform well and quickly, often outpacing its human creators at two-person, perfect information board games. Hoyle demonstrates that a surprising amount of intelligent behavior can be treated as if it were situation-determined, that often planning is unnecessary, and that the memory required to support this learning is minimal. Concepts, however, are crucial to this reactive program's ability to learn and perform.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02454222
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toward an Ideal Trainer (1994)
    Springer
    Machine learning 15 (1994), S. 251-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): training ; competition ; game playing ; reliability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper demonstrates how the nature of the opposition during training affects learning to play two-person, perfect information board games. It considers different kinds of competitive training, the impact of trainer error, appropriate metrics for post-training performance measurement, and the ways those metrics can be applied. The results suggest that teaching a program by leading it repeatedly through the same restricted paths, albeit high quality ones, is overly narrow preparation for the variations that appear in real-world experience. The results also demonstrate that variety introduced into training by random choice is unreliable preparation, and that a program that directs its own training may overlook important situations. The results argue for a broad variety of training experience with play at many levels. This variety may either be inherent in the game or introduced deliberately into the training. Lesson and practice training, a blend of expert guidance and knowledge-based, self-directed elaboration, is shown to be particularly effective for learning during competition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022637925775
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toward an ideal trainer (1994)
    Springer
    Machine learning 15 (1994), S. 251-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): training ; competition ; game playing ; reliability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper demonstrates how the nature of the opposition during training affects learning to play two-person, perfect information board games. It considers different kinds of competitive training, the impact of trainer error, appropriate metrics for post-training performance measurement, and the ways those metrics can be applied. The results suggest that teaching a program by leading it repeatedly through the same restricted paths, albeit high quality ones, is overly narrow preparation for the variations that appear in real-world experience. The results also demonstrate that variety introduced into training by random choice is unreliable preparation, and that a program that directs its own training may overlook important situations. The results argue for a broad variety of training experience with play at many levels. This variety may either be inherent in the game or introduced deliberately into the training. Lesson and practice training, a blend of expert guidance and knowledge-based, self-directed elaboration, is shown to be particularly effective for learning during competition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993346
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of indole-3-butyric acid as an endogenous constituent of maize kernels and leaves (1989)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Schlagwort(e): IAA ; IBA ; conjugated IBA ; rooting ; Zea mays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was identified by thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in kernels and leaves of corn (Zea mays) var. Hazera 224. Free and ester conjugated IBA were present in dry and germinating corn kernels and leaves. This is the first report of IBA in a monocotyledonous plant and, as far as we know, the first evidence for the presence of conjugated IBA.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025391
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biosynthesis of plant hormones during anaerobic digestion of instant coffee waste (1995)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 17 (1995), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Schlagwort(e): anaerobic methanogenic thermophilic digestion ; auxin ; biogas ; IAA ; IBA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A large amount of solid waste remains after the production of instant coffee. This waste has to be moved to dumps, where it poses a threat of environmental pollution. Treatment of this waste by anaerobic methanogenic thermophilic digestion produced, besides biogas, a digested slurry which was used as a growth medium for horticulture, and proved to be a suitable and economical substitute for peat moss. Biological tests with mung bean cuttings and Grevillea plantlets showed promotional effects on rooting of the slurry and its sieved fraction extract, washed with water (Capul). Green coffee beans, instant coffee waste, its anaerobically-digested slurry and Capul were extracted by various methods and the extracts were analyzed by TLC, HPLC and GC/MS. Examinations showed clearly the presence of IAA and IBA in free and bound forms in all the substrates. The values of free and bound IAA were calculated by use of an internal standard and GC/MS. The amount of conjugated IAA was found to be much higher than that of free IAA, in both the coffee beans and instant coffee waste (11.1 vs 2.7 nmol g−1, respectively). In the digested slurry and Capul, however, most of the IAA was present as the free form and was approximately 23.5–33.0 nmol g−1, which is almost ten times more than in the waste, and almost twice the total amount of IAA in coffee beans. It is postulated that the high levels of free IAA in the digested instant coffee waste are a result of catabolism of tryptophan by anaerobic bacteria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024172
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Advances in salt tolerance (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Cell culture ; Molecular biology ; Plant breeding ; Salinity ; Seawater ; Selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Advances in and prospects for the development of salt tolerant crops are discussed. The genetic approach to the salinity problem is fairly new, but research has become quite active in a short span of time. Difficulties and opportunities are outlined. Salinity varies spatially, temporally, qualitatively, and quantitatively. In addition, the responses of plants to salt stress vary during their life cycle. Selection and breeding, including the use of wide crosses, are considered the best short-term approaches to the development of salt tolerant crops, but the new biotechnological and molecular biological techniques will make increasingly important contributions. Cooperation is called for among soil and water scientists, agronomists, plant physiologists and biochemists, cytologists, and plant geneticists, breeders, and biotechnologists. Given such cooperation and adequate support for these endeavors, the potential for increasing productivity in salt-affected areas can be realized.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370150
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of ethylene treatment on transport and metabolism of indole-3-butyric acid in citrus leaf midribs (1992)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 357-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Schlagwort(e): Citrus ; conjugation ; ethylene ; IAA ; IBA ; polar transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Transport and metabolism of radiolabeled indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were studied in midrib sections of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and compared to that of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Exogenous IBA was metabolized by the midribs to a polar compound, probably an ester conjugate. Ethylene pretreatment of the midribs reduced their capacity to metabolize IBA by ca. 70% as compared to air pretreatment. IBA transport capacity in the leaf midribs was ca. two times greater in the basipetal direction than the acropetal. The basipetal transport capacity of 3H-IBA was lower than that of 14C-IAA (ca. 24% and 39% of the uptake, respectively). While ethylene treatment reduced basipetal transport of IAA by ca. 70% it did not affect the transport of IBA. Most of the transported label was found as free IBA, but the reduction of IBA conjugation by ethylene treatment did not affect the transport capacity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130642
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Salt-tolerant crops: origins, development, and prospects of the concept (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 89 (1985), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Breeding ; Genotypes ; Halophytes ; Saline water ; Salt-affected soils ; Selection ; Stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The genetic approach to the problems posed by salt-affected soils and water,i.e., breeding crops resistant to salinity stress, is traced to two principal origins: the European ecological interest in halophytes, and the exigencies of growing crops in the arid and semi-arid lands of the American West. The point is made that breeding for resistance to salinity stress cannot be divorced from breeding for various other desirable traits of mineral plant nutrition and metabolism. A survey is conducted of the existing body of information on breeding for desiderata of mineral nutrition in general and salt tolerance in particular. The prospects of breeding crops for salt tolerance are discussed, with emphasis on a) its relation to breeding for resistance to other mineral stresses; b) field trials; c) collaboration between plant physiologists and geneticist-breeders; and d) extensive exploration of germplasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182242
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