ALBERT

Notes: äthylenoxyd setzt sich mit Alkaliphosphiden des Typs MePR2 unter Bildung entsprechender β-Hydroxyäthyl-phosphine, HOCH2.CH2PR2, um. Sie liefern mit Ausnahme des β-Hydroxyäthyl-dicyclohexylphosphins die für tert. Phosphine charakteristischen Additionsreaktionen. Obwohl sich die β-Hydroxyäthylgruppe nicht benzoylieren läßt, kann sie nach Zerevttinow und infrarot-spektroskopisch nachgewiesen werden. Die Konstitution des β-Hydroxyäthyl-diphenylphosphins wird auf chemischem Wege ermittelt.

Notes: Der Reaktionsverlauf bei der Einwirkung der Diphenylthiophosphinsäure (1) auf BrRe(CO)5 (2s) wird ausführlich diskutiert. Im ersten Reaktionsschritt erfolgt gemäß Gl. (8) Co-Substitution unter Bildung von (C6H5)2P(OH)SRe(CO)4Br (3) mit einzähniger P—S—ReVerknüpfung. Das Proton befindet sich am Sauerstoff. Oberhalb 65°C eliminiert 3 ein mol CO/Rhenium, wobei gemäß Gl. (14) (C6H5)2P(OH)SRe(CO)3Br (4) entsteht. In 4 ist 1 zweizähnig über Sauerstoff und Schwefel an das Rhenium gebunden. Erst im letzten Reaktionsschritt beobachtet man entsprechend Gl. (17) HBr-Abspaltung, welche zur Bildung des dimeren Komplexes [C6H5)2POSRe(CO)3]2 (5 führt. Die hier erstmals beschriebenen Zwischenprodukte werden auf chemischen sowie IR-, Raman- und 1H-NMR-spektroskopischem Wege charakterisiert.

Notes: Die 13C-NMR-Spektren der vier stereoisomeren Acorenone 1-4 (1-Isopropyl-4,8-dimethylspiro[4.5]dec-8-en-7-one) erlauben eine Zuordnung dieser Spirane zur 1,4-trans-(1/2) bzw. 1.4-cis-Reihe (3/4) und bei den cis-Isomeren 3 und 4 auch die relative Konfigurationsbestimmung am Spirochiralitätszentrum C-5.  -  Die Massenspektren von 1-4 ermöglichen an der unterschiedlichen Intensität entsprechender Ionenpaare die eindeutige Differenzierung aller vier Stereoisomeren.

Notes: The temperature and concentration dependence of the previously reported formation of oligolides from (R)- or (S)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid under Yamaguchi's macrolactonization conditions (2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride/base) was studied. While the content of hexolide 2 in the product mixture is almost invariably ca. 35%, the amounts of pentolide 1 and of the larger rings strongly depend upon the temperature employed (Fig.1). Cyclic oligomers (5,6) are also obtained from 3-hydroxypentanoic acid. Enantiomerically pure β-butyrolactone can be used for the preparation of pento-, hexo-, and heptolide under Shanzer's macrolactonization conditions (tetra-oxadistannacyclodecane ‘template’). The X-ray crystal structures of the pentolide 1 and of two modifications (space groups C 2 and P 21) of the hexolide 2 were determined (Figs. 2-6 and Tables 1 and 5). No close contacts between substituent atoms and atoms in the rings or between ring atoms are observed in these structures. The hexolide C 2 modification is ‘just a large ring’, while the crystals of the P 21 modification contain folded rings the backbones of which resemble the seam of a tennis ball. A comparison of the torsion angles in the folded hexolide ring of the P 21 modification with those in the helical poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate (PHB) suggests (Table 2) that the same interactions might be responsible for folding in the first and helix formation in the second case. Molecular modeling with force-field energy minimization of the tetrolide from four homochiral β-hydroxybutanoic acid units was undertaken, in order to find possible reasons for the fact that we failed to detect the tetrolide in the reaction mixtures. The calculated conformational energies (per monomer) for some of the tetrolide models (Figs. 7-9 and Tables 3 and 4) are not significantly higher than for the pentolide and hexolide crystal structures. We conclude that thermodynamic instability is an unlikely reason for the lack of tetrolide isolation. This result and failure to observe equilibration of pentolide 1 to a mixture of oligomers under the reaction conditions suggest that product distribution is governed by kinetic control.

Notes: Repetitive treatment of the biopolymer P(3-HB) (molecular weight 〉 105 Dalton, storage or s-P(3-HB)), with lithium hexamethyl disilazanid (LHMDS) at -70° in THF leads to a mixture of oligomers with increasingly sharp distribution around a 15-, 30-, and 45mer. Discrete fragments are also isolated when P(3-HB) is heated under reflux (89°) in neat Et3N. Linear oligo(3-HB) derivatives (3-7) containing up to 96 3-HB units are synthesized using an exponential segment-coupling strategy. These oligomers are used to calibrate size-exclusion chromatography columns for the analysis of oligo(3-HB) samples from the different sources. The linear oligo-(3-HB) derivatives also served as a model with respect to the physical properties of high molecular weight P(3-HB) and were investigated as such by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). The thicknesses of the lamellar crystallites (long periods) formed by the 8mer, 16mer, and 32mer, are ca. 26, 52, and 53 Å, respectively, indicating that the 32mer molecules are folded once, very tightly, into a ‘hair-pin’-type conformation. High-molecular-weight P(3-HB), which was crystallized in a similar way, also has a lamellar crystallite thickness of ca. 50-65 Å. Thus, the treatment of P(3-HB) with LHMDS at low temperature causes etching of the amorphous regions, an effect well known in polymer science for studying the regularity of chain folding. The ca. 50-Å packing within the tight folds of P(3-HB) is discussed in view of its possible function in ion transport through cell membranes.

Notes: The solid-state CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectra (cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning 13C-NMR) of eight lower cyclic and one linear oligomers and several polymers of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (3-HB) are reported. The polymeric samples of different origin and molecular weight give remarkably similar and well resolved spectra, indicating considerable similarity in the conformations of the molecules and homegeneity in the solid-state environment. The crystalline cyclic oligomers 1-8 containing 3-9 units of 3-HB give very well resolved spectra. The number of nonequivalent positions in the solid state can be identified and is in accord with structures from X-ray diffraction where these were determined. The spectra of the oligolides become increasingly similar to those of the polymer as the ring size increases. This spectral evidence supports the view of a homogeneous and well defined conformation for the polymeric material (as proposed previously, based on other experiments).

Notes: FK506 is currently under investigation as immunosuppressant after organ transplantation and in immune diseases. The structure of a demethylated metabolite 1 of FK506 isolated after in vitro metabolism by human-liver microsomes was established using two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear NMR experiments. The demethylation position was found to be at O—C(13) using HMBC spectra. In contrast to FK506, 7 different isomers could be differentiated in COSY, HMBC, and HMQC spectra. The intensity of their signals was 50:18:11:9:6:6 (one isomer could not be quantified). This isomerization may be explained by epimerization at C(10) or alternative formations of the hemiketal ring between C(10) and C(13) or C(9) and C(13), in addition to cis/trans-isomerism about the amide bond (see Scheme). The structural variation is possible by participation of the OH group at C(13) formed after demethylation and could be derived from HMBC spectra. Chemical exchange evidenced by ROESY spectra proved the rotational isomerism. NMR investigation of the structure of 13-O-demethyl-FK 506 (1) revealed at least seven isomers.

Notes: Die N-Carbeniopyridinium-Salze 2, 4, 14 und 18 bieten für den Angriff eines Nucleophils drei Möglichkeiten, die sich in Abhängigkeit von den Reaktionspartnern alle realisieren lassen. Mit Anionen methylenaktiver Verbindungen führt der α-Angriff am Pyridinium-Ring unter Ringöffnung zu Azahexamethinneutrocyaninen (8, 15, 23). In einigen Fällen bilden sich kinetisch kontrolliert 1,4-Dihydropyridine, die sich thermisch zu den 1,2-Dihydro-pyridinen bzw. deren ringgeöffneten Folgeprodukten umlagern. Schließlich ist auch der nucleophile Angriff am kationischen Substituenten der N-Carbeniopyridinium-Salze möglich, wie die Bildung der Push-pull-Olefine 11, 16 und des Enolethers 12 zeigt.

Notes: Durch Ringöffnung des N-(2,3-Diaminocyclopropenylio)pyridinium-Salzes 1 mit den Anionen von Malononitril, Dimedon oder Meldrums Säure entstehen die protonierten Polymethine 5a-c, die sich zu den neutralen Farbstoffen 6a-c deprotonieren lassen. In Lösung entstehen aus 5a, b langsam die Triafulvene 3a, b. Aus dem Diaminochlorcyclopropenylium-Salz 8, Pyridin und Malononitril bildet sich analog das Polymethin 10, obwohl das intermediär anzunehmende Pyridinium-Salz 9 in Lösung nur in einem weit auf die Seite seiner Komponenten verschobenen Gleichgewicht vorhanden ist.

Notes: Cyclic Oligomers of (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic Acid: Preparation and Structural AspectsThe oligolides containing three to ten (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate (3-HB) units (12-through 40-membered rings 1-8) are prepared from the hydroxy acid itself, its methyl ester, its lactone (‘monolide’), or its polymer (poly(3-HB), mol. wt. ca. 106 Dalton) under three sets of conditions: (i) treatment of 3-HB (10) with 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride/pyridine and macrolactonization under high dilution in toluene with 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (Fig. 3); (ii) heating a solution (benzene, xylene) of the β-lactone 12 or of the methyl ester 13 from 3-HB with the tetraoxadistanna compound 11 as trans-esterification catalyst (Fig. 4); (iii) heating a mixture of poly(3-HB) and toluene-sulfonic acid in toluene/1,2-dichloroethane for prolonged periods of time at ca. 100° (Fig. 6). In all three cases, mixtures of oligolides are formed with the triolide 1 being the prevailing component (up to 50% yield) at higher temperatures and with longer reaction times (thermodynamic control, Figs. 3-6). Starting from rac-β-lactone rac-12, a separable 3:1 to 3:2 mixture of the l,u- and the l,l-triolide diasteroisomers rac-14 and rac-1, respectively, is obtained. An alternative method for the synthesis of the octolide 6 is also described: starting from the appropriate esters 15 and 17 and the benzyl ether 16 of 3-HB, linear dimer, tetramer, and octamer derivatives 18-23 are prepared, and the octamer 23 with free OH and CO2H group is cyclized (→6) under typical macrolactonization conditions (see Scheme). This ‘exponential fragment coupling protocol’ can be used to make higher linear oligomers as well. The oligolides 1-8 are isolated in pure form by vacuum distillation, chromatography, and crystallization, an important analytical tool for determining the composition of mixtures being 13C-NMR spectroscopy (each oligolide has a unique and characteristic chemical shift of the carbonyl C-atom, with the triolide 1 at lowest, the decolide 8 at highest field). The previously published X-ray crystal structures of triolide 1, pentolide 3, and hexolide 4 (two forms), as well as those of the l,u-triolide rac-14, of tetrolide ent-2, of heptolide 5, and of two modifications of octolide 6 described herein for the first time are compared with each other (Figs. 7-10 and 12-15, Tables 2 and 5-7) and with recently modelled structures (Tables 3 and 4, Fig. 11). The preferred dihedral angles τ1 to τ4 found along the backbone of the nine oligolide structures (the hexamer and the larger ones all have folded rings!) are mapped and statistically evaluated (Fig. 16, Tables 5-7). Due to the occurrence of two conformational minima of the dihedral angle O—CO—CH2—CH (τ3 = + 151 or -43°), it is possible to locate two types of building blocks for helices in the structures at hand: a right-handed 31 and a left-handed 21 helix; both have a ca. 6 Å pitch, but very different shapes and dispositions of the carbonyl groups (Fig. 17). The 21 helix thus constructed from the oligolide single-crystal data is essentially superimposable with the helix derived for the crystalline domains of poly(3-HB) from stretched-fiber X-ray diffraction studies. The absence of the unfavorable (E)-type arrangements around the OC—OR bond (‘cis-ester’) from all the structures of (3-HB) oligomers known so far suggests that the model proposed for a poly(3-HB)-containing ion channel (Fig. 2) must be modified.