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  • kinetics  (99)
  • oxidation  (98)
  • Electron microscopy  (95)
  • Springer  (280)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (1)
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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-11
    Beschreibung: Catalyst deactivation, the loss over time of catalytic activity and/or selectivity, is a problem of great and continuing concern in the practice of industrial catalytic processes. Costs to industry for catalyst replacement and process shutdown total tens of billions of dollars per year. While catalyst deactivation is inevitable for most processes, some of its immediate, drastic consequences may be avoided, postponed, or even reversed. Accordingly, there is considerable motivation to better understand catalyst decay and regeneration. Indeed, the science of catalyst deactivation and regeneration has been developing rapidly as evidenced by the considerable literature addressing this topic, including 21,000 journal articles, presentations, reports, reviews, and books; and more than 29,000 patents for the period of 1980 to 2012. This developing science provides the foundation for continuing, substantial improvements in the efficiency and economics of catalytic processes through development of catalyst deactivation models, more stable catalysts, and regeneration processes. This special issue focuses on recent advances in catalyst deactivation and regeneration, including advances in (1) scientific understanding of mechanisms; (2) development of improved methods and tools for investigation; and (3) more robust models of deactivation and regeneration.
    Schlagwort(e): TP155-156 ; models ; deactivation and regeneration ; sintering ; Hydrotreating ; fouling ; mechanical degradation ; catalyst deactivation and regeneration in: mechanisms ; stability improvements ; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; catalyst deactivation ; poisoning ; catalyst ; Methanol synthesis ; Selective catalytic reduction of NOx ; methods of study ; kinetics ; catalyst regeneration ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
    Sprache: Englisch
    Format: application/octet-stream
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 617-623 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): kinetics ; nitrates ; thermal decomposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents the results of simultaneous DTA-TG-DTG and DSC studies on the thermal decomposition of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O in an air atmosphere. The mechanism and enthalpies of the investigated processes were determined, as well as the kinetic parameters of the processes run under non-isothermal conditions by means of Kissinger's method. The dependence of the activation energy on the ionic radius of the cations building up the crystal lattices of the investigated compounds was also studied.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): kinetics ; marmatite ; oxidation process
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Results obtained by the comparative investigations of the natural mineral marmatite (Zn,Fe)S (Stari Trg, Yugoslavia) oxidation process are presented in this paper. Determination of the oxidation process mechanism was done by thermal analysis methods: DTA-TG-DTG and DSC, while Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray and electronic microanalysis were used for phase composition determination of the products formed during the oxidation process. Kinetics of the process was defined for two temperature intervals 862–973 and 1023–1173 K, under isothermal conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Schlagwort(e): advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE) ; ag(e)ing ; aminoguanidine ; ascorbate ; autoxidation ; biomarker ; browning reaction ; chemical modification of proteins ; diabetes ; glycation ; glycoxidation ; nonenzymatic glycosylation ; oxidation ; Maillard reaction ; Aminoguanidin ; Ascorbat ; Autooxidation ; Biomarker ; Bräunungsreaktion ; chemische Veränderung vonProteinen ; Diabetes ; Glycosylierung ; Glycoxidation ; nichtenzymatische ; Glycosylierung ; Oxidation ; Maillardreaktion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Maillard- oder Bräunungsreaktion genannten Umsetzungen zwischen reduzierenden Zuckern und Eiweiß führen zur chemischen Zerstörung der Aminosäuren und zum Verlust der Proteinqualität während der Lebensmittelbearbeitung und -lagerung. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Befunde auf, daß die Maillardreaktion auch im Gewebe des Menschen bei der Alterung von Proteinen mit langer biologischer Halbwertszeit auftritt. Die Konzentrationen an den sogenannten Amadori-Produkten, die im Initialstadium der Maillardreaktion aus Glucose und den Proteinen der Augenlinse oder dem Kollagen der Haut entstehen, erwiesen sich als relativ konstant, auch mit zunehmendem Alter. Die Produkte der Glycosylierung und nachfolgenden Oxidation der Proteine, auch Glycoxidationsprodukte genannt, häufen sich dagegen im Alter an, und zwar bei Diabetikern in vermehrtem Maße. Zu diesen Produkten gehören die Aminosäurenderivate N-(carboxymethyl)-lysin (CML), N-(carboxymethyl)-hydroxylysin (CMhL) sowie das fluoreszierende Quervernetzungsprodukt Pentosidin. Während diese Glycoxidationsprodukte in den Körpergeweben nur in Spuren vorkommen, gibt es deutliche Hinweise auf die Anwesenheit weiterer Bräunungsprodukte, deren Charakterisierung jedoch noch aussteht. Es werden Möglichkeiten zur „Entgiftung“ der reaktiven Zwischenprodukte aus der Maillardreaktion sowie zum Abbau extrem gebräunter Proteine diskutiert sowie neuere Möglichkeiten zur therapeutischen Modulierung fortgeschrittener Stadien der Maillardreaktion aufgezeigt.
    Notizen: Summary The Maillard or browning reaction between reducing sugars and protein contributes to the chemical deterioration and loss of nutritional value of proteins during food processing and storage. This article presents and discusses evidence that the Maillard reaction is also involved in the chemical aging of long-lived proteins in human tissues. While the concentration of the Amadori adduct of glucose to lens protein and skin collagen is relatively constant with age, products of sequential glycation and oxidation of protein, termed glycoxidation products, accumulate in these long-lived proteins with advancing age and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. Among these products are the chemically modified amino acids, Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine (CMhL), and the fluorescent crosslink, pentosidine. While these glycoxidation products are present at only trace levels in tissue proteins, there is strong evidence for the presence of other browning products which remain to be characterized. Mechanisms for detoxifying reactive intermediates in the Maillard reaction and catabolism of extensively browned proteins are also discussed, along with recent approaches for therapeutic modulation of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 2 (1996), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): frequency response ; diffusion cell ; kinetics ; diffusion ; heat effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract This paper deals with frequency response (FR) analysis of a closed diffusion cell system with two resonators, that is both the LHS and RHS volumes are modulated. The analysis is made for a homogeneous particle described by a single effective diffusivity as well as a biporous pellet described by macropore and micropore diffusions. It is shown that if the perturbation of the volume of the reservoir #2 is lagged behind that of the reservoir #1 by 3π/2, the pressure response in reservoir #1 is significantly enhanced with larger amplitude as well as phase angle. When the perturbations of the two reservoirs are out of phase, the heat effect is reduced and can become insignificant when the two perturbations are completely out of phase (ψ = π). Under such a condition, the pressure difference between the two reservoirs could be doubled. In the case of biporous pellets, it is shown that the FR behaviours obtained for micropore diffusion control and macropore diffusion control are well distinguished. In the former case, the FR system reduces to a traditional batch adsorber one while in the latter case, the FR behaviour is the same as for a two resonator system with homogeneous particles. This difference can be used for the discrimination of micropore and macropore diffusion processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 3 (1997), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): characterisation ; equilibria ; kinetics ; micropore size distribution ; n-butane ; nutshell
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Adsorption equilibria and dynamics ofn-butane on two activated carbon samples prepared from the physical activation of nutshell are studied in this paper. The micropore size distribution (MPSD) is considered as the main source of solid heterogeneity. Lennard-Jones' potential theory and Dubinin's theory (TVFM) are used in the equilibria data to derive the MPSD, which is well fitted by a Gamma distribution function. The adsorption energy distribution derived from the MPSD is very asymmetric for both the samples studied, and this energy distribution used in the HMSD/HMSMD kinetics models for the study of adsorption dynamics ofn-butane.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 1104-1118 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Transaminase ; decarboxylase ; serine hydroxymethyltransferase ; pyridoxal 5′-phosphate ; enzyme mechanism ; stereochemistry ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate is a coenzyme for a number of enzymes which catalyse reactions at Cα of amino acid substrates including transaminases, decarboxylases and serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Using the X-ray coordinates for a transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and the results of stereochemical and mechanistic studies for decarboxylases and serine hydroxymethyltransferase, an active-site structure for the decarboxylase group is constructed. The structure of the active-site is further refined through active-site pyridoxyllysine peptide sequence comparison and a 3-D catalytic mechanism for the L-α-amino acid decarboxylases is proposed. The chemistry of serine hydroxymethyltransferase is re-examined in the light of the proposed decarboxylase mechanism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 569-575 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): Bi2O3 ; CaCO3 decomposition ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Former studies concerning the formation of the compounds in the pseudobinary systems of Bi2O3-MO type (M =Ca, Sr, Ca+Sr) have shown that the reaction which occurs with the highest rate is that between Bi2O3 and CaO. In the present work CaCO3 was used as CaO source. We carried out an investigation of the thermal decomposition of CaCO3 in the presence of Bi2O3 in comparison with the decomposition of pure CaCO3. The presence of Bi2O3 exerts a complex influence on the CaCO3 decomposition acting on the nucleation as well as on the diffusion of CO2. The decomposition of the samples with low Bi2O3 content follows the mechanism of a contracting sphere. A change from surface nucleation to bulk nucleation is recorded for higher amounts of Bi2O3.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 745-753 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): DSC ; kerogen ; oxidation ; pyrolysis ; type determination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The rate of pyrolysis and oxidation of 8 different samples of oil shale kerogen concentrate (KC) were investigated using DSC analysis. Recently performed thermogravimetric studies (TG and DTG) with the same samples of KC indicated that the activation energy of the pyrolysis of specific KCs increases with increasing paraffinic structure in the KC. An opposite effect, i.e. a decrease of the activation energy with an increase of paraffinic structure was determined in the case of KC oxidation. In this study, using the standard ASTM E-698 method based on the determined temperature at which the maximum heat effect could be observed (exo in the case of oxidation and endo in the case of pyrolysis), an activation energy for the pyrolysis, as well as for the oxidation process was determined and also successfully correlated with the content of paraffinic structure of KC. Thus, the higher content of paraffinic structure in KCs indicates that higher values of the activation energy could be determined either in the case of pyrolysis or oxidation followed by DSC analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 807-814 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): facial and meridional Co(III) complexes ; kinetics ; thermodynamics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Thermal properties of facial and meridional uns-cis-[Co(eddp)gly]0.5H2O complexes were investigated by means of DSC and TG techniques. It wasshown that the processes of thermal decomposition of these complexes are multi-stepdegradation processes, which can also be well separated into individual steps, depending onthe molecular symmetry. Thus, the process of thermal degradation of the meridional isomerof the above complex consists of 4 well-separated steps in the temperature interval from 100to 500°C. The corresponding kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of this process weredetermined, and a possible mechanism is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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