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  • 1
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    Design Strategy for the Multilayer Core–Shell Bioceramics with Controlled Chemistry (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-06
    Description: New strategies for fabricating multiphase bioceramic porous scaffolds with time-dependent biodegradation and pore network enlargement are of fundamental importance in the advancement of bioceramics. Here, we developed a one-step preparation of core–shell bioceramic microspheres (~2 mm in diameter) with single- or double-shell structure through a coaxially aligned multilayer capillary system. The Ca-phosphate (CaP) and Ca-silicate (CaSi) ceramic phase distribution could be also adjusted by extruding through different capillaries, and thus the biodegradation rate would be readily tailored over time. When the polystyrene (PS) microbeads of ~15 μm in diameter were premixed into the CaP- or CaSi-containing alginate slurry, the tailorable porous structures could be introduced into the core or different shell layers of the microspheres. These micropores may potentially maximize the permeability for rapid exchange of guest molecules or inorganic ions from the bioceramics. Totally, such strategy is promising because the ceramic phases with different biological properties can be assembled into the core–shell bioceramic microspheres, and thus the macropore structure evolution may be readily manipulated in the closely packed microsphere systems. We believe our gradient hybrid methodology will have potential in various categories of advanced biomaterials of organic–inorganic composites.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Minerals, Vol. 9, Pages 198: Pore Connectivity Characterization of Lacustrine Shales in Changling Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, China: Insights into the Effects of Mineral Compositions on Connected Pores (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Minerals
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Pore connectivity of lacustrine shales was inadequately documented in previous papers. In this work, lacustrine shales from the lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in the Changling Fault Depression (CFD) were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), mercury intrusion capillary pressure (MICP), low pressure gas (CO2 and N2) sorption (LPGA) and spontaneous fluid imbibition (SFI) experiments. The results show that pores observed from FE-SEM images are primarily interparticle (interP) pores in clay minerals and organic matter (OM) pores. The dominant pore width obtained from LPGA and MICP data is in the range of 0.3–0.7 nm and 3–20 nm. The slopes of n-decane and deionized (DI) water SFI are in the range of 0.34–0.55 and 0.22–0.38, respectively, suggesting a mixed wetting nature and better-connected hydrophobic pores than hydrophilic pores in the Shahezi shales. Low pore connectivity is identified by the dominant nano-size pore widths (0.3–20 nm), low DI water SFI slopes (around 0.25), high geometric tortuosity (4.75–8.89) and effective tortuosity (1212–6122). Pore connectivity follows the order of calcareous shale 〉 argillaceous shale 〉 siliceous shale. The connected pores of Shahezi shales is mainly affected by the high abundance and coexistence of OM pores and clay, carbonate minerals host pores.
    Electronic ISSN: 2075-163X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by MDPI
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  • 3
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    Sustainability, Vol. 10, Pages 4338: An Investigation of Wind Direction and Speed in a Featured Wind Farm Using Joint Probability Distribution Methods (2018)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Wind direction and speed are both crucial factors for wind farm layout; however, the relationship between the two factors has not been well addressed. To optimize wind farm layout, this study aims to statistically explore wind speed characteristics under different wind directions and wind direction characteristics. For this purpose, the angular–linear model for approximating wind direction and speed characteristics were adopted and constructed with specified marginal distributions. Specifically, Weibull–Weibull distribution, lognormal–lognormal distribution and Weibull–lognormal distribution were applied to represent the marginal distribution of wind speed. Moreover, the finite mixture of von Mises function (FVMF) model was used to investigate the marginal distribution of wind direction. The parameters of those models were estimated by the expectation–maximum method. The optimal model was obtained by comparing the coefficient of determination value (R2) and Akaike’s information criteria (AIC). In the numerical study, wind data measured at a featured wind farm in north China was adopted. Results showed that the proposed joint distribution function could accurately represent the actual wind data at different heights, with the coefficient of determination value (R2) of 0.99.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 4
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    Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 918: Bioconversion Pathway of CO2 in the Presence of Ethanol by Methanogenic Enrichments from Production Water of a High-Temperature Petroleum Reservoir (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Transformation of CO2 in both carbon capture and storage (CCS) to biogenic methane in petroleum reservoirs is an attractive and promising strategy for not only mitigating the greenhouse impact but also facilitating energy recovery in order to meet societal needs for energy. Available sources of petroleum in the reservoirs reduction play an essential role in the biotransformation of CO2 stored in petroleum reservoirs into clean energy methane. Here, the feasibility and potential on the reduction of CO2 injected into methane as bioenergy by indigenous microorganisms residing in oilfields in the presence of the fermentative metabolite ethanol were assessed in high-temperature petroleum reservoir production water. The bio-methane production from CO2 was achieved in enrichment with ethanol as the hydrogen source by syntrophic cooperation between the fermentative bacterium Synergistetes and CO2-reducing Methanothermobacter via interspecies hydrogen transfer based upon analyses of molecular microbiology and stable carbon isotope labeling. The thermodynamic analysis shows that CO2-reducing methanogenesis and the methanogenic metabolism of ethanol are mutually beneficial at a low concentration of injected CO2 but inhibited by the high partial pressure of CO2. Our results offer a potentially valuable opportunity for clean bioenergy recovery from CCS in oilfields.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 5
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    Low Loss, High NA Chalcogenide Glass Fibers for Broadband Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-27
    Description: High-purity Ge–As–Se and Ge–As–S chalcogenide glasses were prepared by modified physical and chemical purification techniques. Using the purified glasses, step-index fibers with a small core (~5.5 μm) and large numerical aperture (~1.3) were fabricated. When a 13.5-cm-long fiber was pumped with 320 fs pulses at a repetition rate of 10.5 MHz at 4.1 μm, supercontinuum spanning from ~1.8 to ~9.8 μm with a dynamic range of ±10 dB and an average power of ~3 mW was generated.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 6
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    Color Tunable Upconversion Emission in Yb, Er Co-Doped Bismuth Titanate Inverse Opal (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-15
    Description: Upconversion emission of Yb, Er co-doped Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 (Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 : Yb, Er) inverse opal photonic crystals was investigated. Strong green (548 nm) and red (660 nm) upconversion emission bands were observed under a 980 nm excitation at room temperature. The results showed that the intensity of upconversion emission bands can be tuned by controlling the structure of the inverse opal. Significant suppression of the green or red upconversion emission was obtained if the photonic band gap overlaps with the Er 3+ ions emission band, resulting in color tunable up-conversion photonic crystals with applications in solid-state color displays.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Magnesium(II), Calcium(II), and Barium(II) Coordination Compounds Constructed by 1H-Tetrazolate-5-acetic Acid Ligand (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: Reactions of H 2 tza (H 2 tza = 1H-tetrazolate-5-acetic acid) with Mg(NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 · 4H 2 O, or Ba(NO 3 ) 2 with the presence of KOH under hydrothermal conditions, produced three new coordination compounds, [ M (tza)(H 2 O) 2 ] ( M = Mg ( 1 ), Ca ( 2 ), Ba ( 3 )). These compounds were structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 3 display 2D structures, whereas 2 reveals a 1D structure with bridging tza ligand molecules as linkers. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of 1 – 3 at room temperature in the solid state were also investigated. The results show that the nature of metal ions play an important role in governing the molecular frameworks of 1 – 3 , and the strong coordinate abilities of carboxylate and tetrazolate group, endow tza with abundant coordination modes.
    Print ISSN: 0044-2313
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-3749
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Magnesium(II), Calcium(II), and Barium(II) Coordination Compounds Constructed by 1H-Tetrazolate-5-acetic Acid Ligand (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-23
    Description: Reactions of H 2 tza (H 2 tza = 1H-tetrazolate-5-acetic acid) with Mg(NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 · 4H 2 O, or Ba(NO 3 ) 2 with the presence of KOH under hydrothermal conditions, produced three new coordination compounds, [ M (tza)(H 2 O) 2 ] ( M = Mg ( 1 ), Ca ( 2 ), Ba ( 3 )). These compounds were structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 3 display 2D structures, whereas 2 reveals a 1D structure with bridging tza ligand molecules as linkers. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of 1 – 3 at room temperature in the solid state were also investigated. The results show that the nature of metal ions play an important role in governing the molecular frameworks of 1 – 3 , and the strong coordinate abilities of carboxylate and tetrazolate group, endow tza with abundant coordination modes.
    Print ISSN: 0044-2313
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-3749
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 2768: Thermal Conduction Simulation Based on Reconstructed Digital Rocks with Respect to Fractures (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Effective thermal conductivity (ETC), as a necessary parameter in the thermal properties of rock, is affected by the pore structure and the thermal conduction conditions. To evaluate the effect of fractures and saturated fluids on sandstone’s thermal conductivity, we simulated thermal conduction along three orthogonal (X, Y, and Z) directions under air- and water-saturated conditions on reconstructed digital rocks with different fractures. The results show that the temperature distribution is separated by the fracture. The significant difference between the thermal conductivities of solid and fluid is the primary factor influencing the temperature distribution, and the thermal conduction mainly depends on the solid phase. A nonlinear reduction of ETC is observed with increasing fracture length and angle. Only when the values of the fracture length and angle are large, a negative effect of fracture aperture on the ETC is apparent. Based on the partial least squares (PLS) regression method, the fluid thermal conductivity shows the greatest positive influence on the ETC value. The fracture length and angle are two other factors significantly influencing the ETC, while the impact of fracture aperture may be ignored. We obtained a predictive equation of ETC which considers the related parameters of digital rocks, including the fracture length, fracture aperture, angle between the fracture and the heat flux direction, porosity, and the thermal conductivity of saturated fluid.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 10
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    SO2 over central China: Measurements, numerical simulations and the tropospheric sulfur budget (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-09
    Description: SO2 in central China was measured in situ from an aircraft and remotely using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) from the Aura satellite; results were used to develop a numerical tool for evaluating the tropospheric sulfur budget - sources, sinks, transformation and transport. In April 2008, measured ambient SO2 concentrations decreased from ∼7 ppbv near the surface to ∼1 ppbv at 1800 m altitude (an effective scale height of ∼800 m), but distinct SO2 plumes were observed between 1800 and 4500 m, the aircraft's ceiling. These free tropospheric plumes play a major role in the export of SO2 and in the accuracy of OMI retrievals. The mean SO2 column contents from aircraft measurements (0.73 DU, Dobson Units) and operational OMI SO2 products (0.63 ± 0.26 DU) were close. The OMI retrievals were well correlated with in situ measurements (r = 0.84), but showed low bias (slope = 0.54). A new OMI retrieval algorithm was tested and showed improved agreement and bias (r = 0.87, slope = 0.86). The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate sulfur chemistry, exhibiting reasonable agreement (r = 0.62, slope = 1.33) with in situ SO2 columns. The mean CMAQ SO2 loading over central and eastern China was 54 kT, ∼30% more than the estimate from OMI SO2 products, 42 kT. These numerical simulations, constrained by observations, indicate that ∼50% (35 to 61%) of the anthropogenic sulfur emissions were transported downwind, and the overall lifetime of tropospheric SO2 was 38 ± 7 h.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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