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  • 1
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    Energies, Vol. 11, Pages 2796: Carbon Productivity: Findings from Industry Case Studies in Beijing (2018)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Simultaneously protecting the environment and promoting the economy are two critical dimensions for sustainable development. Carbon productivity is popularly used in assessing the environmental and economic efficiency over time, and is deemed as the appropriate indicator of sustainable development. Given the prominent contribution of energy consumption to sustainable development, this study incorporates energy consumption into the Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition model to explore the main factors influencing carbon productivity change. Based on the data from 19 industries in Beijing from 2013 to 2016, this study then reports the carbon productivities and their changes. Energy productivity change is the main cause of carbon productivity changes, and its correlation with carbon productivity change is significantly positive, whereas there is a weak correlation and no significant difference in energy consumption per unit of carbon emissions. Although the average carbon productivities in all 19 industries increased year over year in Beijing, the average level could be further promoted by improving energy productivity. The carbon productivities of the primary and secondary industries are less than the average, and far below the tertiary industry level. For the primary industry, increasing economic levels is conducive to improving carbon productivity; for secondary industry, reducing energy consumption and enhancing energy efficiency are most effective; and for tertiary industry, maintaining an outstanding performance will guarantee sustainable development in Beijing. This study has defined carbon productivity change from the energy consumption perspective and for the first time, comprehensively measured it for all industries in Beijing. The results are expected to assist these industries to essentially improve productivity performance and thus improve development sustainability.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 2
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    Sustainability, Vol. 10, Pages 4070: Sustainability Assessment of Taiwan’s Semiconductor Industry: A New Hybrid Model Using Combined Analytic Hierarchy Process and Two-Stage Additive Network Data Envelopment Analysis (2018)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Sustainable development has become the biggest concern of the semiconductor industry, which plays a vital role not only in technology breakthroughs, but also by serving as an enabler for sustainability. This study combines Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and additive network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the sustainable performance which are derived from business growth stage and energy utilization stage through the parametric linear program. Meanwhile, this method makes up the disadvantage of the weighting technique used additive decomposition approach to the two-stage network and avoids biasing toward the second stage. The findings demonstrate that Taiwan’s semiconductor manufacturing sector has exhibited a steady increase in its overall trend of sustainability performance. According to the stage-level performance results, the performance of business growth is better than energy utilization. However, the changing trend of overall sustainability performance is through a steady increase from environmental efficiency and not from economic efficiency.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 3
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    Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 319: Virtual Synchronous Control Based on Control Winding Orientation for Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator (BDFIG) Wind Turbines Under Symmetrical Grid Faults (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator (BDFIG) has huge potential for wind power systems due to its high reliability and low maintenance cost. To add inertia for system stability enhancement, as well as to maintain the uninterrupted operation during symmetrical grid faults, this study proposes a Virtual Synchronous Control (VSC) with a transient current compensation strategy for BDFIG. The proposed VSC is realized by regulating the virtual inner electrical potential and angular velocity of BDFIG under Control Winding (CW) current oriented vector control, and compensating for the transient CW current to weaken the transient inner electrical potential under symmetrical grid faults. Modeling and analysis of such a VSC strategy are presented in this paper, and a simulation is also made to compare the performances of existing and proposed VSC strategies. It is shown that the merits of the proposed VSC can enhance the fault ride through the ability of the BDFIG system and support the recovery of grid voltage.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 4
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    Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 1744: Active Control of Drive Chain Torsional Vibration for DFIG-Based Wind Turbine (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Due to the fast electric control of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) when experiencing power grid disturbance or turbulent wind, the flexible drive chain of the wind turbine (WT) generates long-term torsional vibration, which shortens the service life of the drive chain. The torsional vibration causes fatigue damage of the gearbox and affects power generation. In this paper, a two-channel active damping control measure is proposed. The strategy forms a new WT electromagnetic torque reference value through two channels: one is a proportion integration differentiation (PID) damping term with frequency difference, which is used to reduce torsional vibration caused by frequency difference between fan and shafting; the other adopts the torsional vibration angle (θs) as the feedback signal, and an additional damping term is formed by bandpass filter (BPF) and trap filter (BRF). The strategy can increase the electromagnetic torque and suppress the torsional vibration of the drive chain. Finally, modeling and simulation using MATLAB/Simulink show that the method can effectively suppress the torsional vibration of the drive chain without affecting power generation.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 5
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    Materials, Vol. 12, Pages 3509: Electrochemical Performances Investigation of New Carbon-Coated Nickel Sulfides as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Materials
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: A new carbon-coated nickel sulfides electrode material (NST/CNTs@C) has been synthesized through an easy-to-operate process: NiS2/CNTs which was prepared by a hydrothermal method reacted with BTC (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid) under the condition of water bath heating to obtain the precursor, and then the precursor was calcined in 450 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain NST/CNTs@C. The electrochemical performance of NST/CNTs@C has been greatly improved because the formation of a carbon-coated layer effectively increased the specific surface area, reduced the charge transport resistance and inhibited the morphological change of nickel sulfides in the charge–discharge process. Compared with pure NiS2 and NiS2/CNTs, NST/CNTs@C presented great specific capacitance (620 F·g−1 at a current density of 1 A·g−1), better cycle stability (49.19% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles) and more superior rate capability (when the current density was raised to 10 A·g−1 the specific capacitance remained 275 F·g−1).
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by MDPI
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  • 6
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    Hydrochemical Evolution of Shallow Groundwater from Sandstone Aquifer in the Chahan Basin, China: Evidences from Chemical and Isotopic Tracers (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-7029
    Electronic ISSN: 1556-1968
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid in vitro ectomycorrhizal infection onPinus densiflora roots byTricholoma matsutake (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 389-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: ectomycorrhizal infection ; Hartig net ; inoculation method ; Pinus densiflora ; Tricholoma matsutake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The root systems of 11-wk-oldPinus densiflora seedlings were inoculated with a hyphal suspension ofTricholoma matsutake and aseptically incubated for 4 wk in a forest soil without supplying exogenous carbohydrates. One week following inoculation, fungal hyphae had colonized the root surface and bound soil particles together establishing a root-substrate continuum. Fungal hyphae were visible within the main root cortex following clearing bleaching and staining. In the ensuing days, fungal colonization was observed within elongating lateral roots in which Hartig net formation was confirmed 4 wk after inoculation. This is the first report of rapid ectomycorrhizal infection ofP. densiflora seedings byT. matsutake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463952
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aseptic ectomycorrhizal synthesis betweenAbies firma andCenococcum geophilum in artificial culture (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Abies firma ; Cenococcum geophilum ; ectomycorrhizas ; in vitro synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple in vitro system is described for the synthesis ofAbies firma-Cenococcum geophilum ectomycorrhizas. SterilizedA. firma seedlings on both MMN and FH media were inoculated with hyphal discs from actively growing margins ofC. geophilum colonies. Typical ectomycorrhizas formed on seedlings on FH medium after 3 mo of incubation. By light microscopy, the synthesized mycorrhizas were seen to possess a thin mantle from which emanated extraradicle hyphae and highly branched, rarely septate intracortical Hartig net mycelium, characteristic ectomycorrhizal features. This is the first report of aseptic ectomycorrhization ofA. firma seedlings byC. geophilum. This model system will facilitate detailed studies on ectomycorrhizal development ofAbies species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463953
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of metolachlor in soil inoculated with a Streptomyces sp. (1990)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 1 (1990), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; decontamination of soil ; detoxication of pesticides ; metolachlor ; soil inoculation ; Streptomyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial detoxication of pesticides may offer a promising alternative to existing physical-chemical treatment methods. We investigated a strain of Streptomyces sp. which can transform metolachlor in a liquid medium for its ability to decontaminate herbicide-treated soil. A cell suspension of Streptomyces sp. was added to a silt loam soil (Hagerstown, pH 6.1) which was amended with 10 μg of metolachlor containing 5 nCi ring-UL-14C metolachlor per gram of soil, and the mixture was incubated at 28°C. Inoculation of the sterile soil resulted in the rapid transformation of metolachlor. Analyses of one-week-old samples indicated that approximately 70% of the added radioactivity was recovered in the ethyl acetate and water fractions as products from the inoculated reaction mixture, whereas in the uninoculated control less than 8% of the 14C was found as products and about 80% was recovered in the form of unchanged metolachlor. In native soil, however, the rate of metolachlor disappearance was not enhanced by Streptomyces inoculation. In inoculated sterile soil the yields of products were affected by inoculum size, inoculation temperature and substrate concentration, but these variables had no effect on product formation in the inoculated native soil. Addition of Na2CO3 (200 μg/g soil) into native soil significantly promoted growth of Streptomyces due to the higher pH (7.8) and also stimulated transformation of metolachlor by 30%. Our results suggest that proliferation of the inoculated organisms under favorable conditions is essential for their function as metolachlor degraders in native soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00117047
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of nanometric-size magnesium nitride by the nitriding of pre-activated magnesium powder (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 5601-5604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Magnesium nitride (Mg3N2) was synthesized by the reaction of magnesium in the highly reactive form (Mg*) with nitrogen at 450°C under normal pressure. The effect of doping with nickel dichloride on the nitridation of Mg* was investigated. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of Mg* systems and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement of the product formed were carried out. TEM measurement showed that the particle size of the Mg3N2 synthesized was in the nanometric range. The dependence of nitridation of the NiCl2-doped Mg* on temperature was investigated at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500°C. The nitridation of NiCl2-doped Mg* could occur even at temperature as low as 300°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004741318412
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