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  • PANGAEA  (24)
  • MDPI  (2)
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  • 1
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    MDPI
    In:  Atmosphere, 7 (6). p. 82.
    Publication Date: 2019-06-05
    Description: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis total precipitation estimates are validated against ten years of in situ precipitation measurements onboard of ships over the Baltic Sea. A statistical analysis for binary forecasts and mean rain rates derived from all data show a good agreement with observations. However, a closer look reveals an underestimation of ERA-Interim total precipitation in spring and an overestimation in autumn, obviously related to stability. Deriving stability and evaporation by a bulk flux scheme it could be shown, in fact, that ERA-Interim underestimates precipitation for conditions with low evaporation and strongly overestimates it for conditions with high evaporation. Since ERA-Interim surface fields become too dry with increasing evaporation compared to independent synoptic ship observations, uncertainties in the ECMWF convection scheme may possibly cause these biases in seasonal precipitation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The satellite-derived HOAPS (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data) precipitation estimates have been validated against in-situ precipitation measurements from optical disdrometers, available from OceanRAIN (Ocean Rainfall And Ice-phase precipitation measurement Network) over the open-ocean by applying a statistical analysis for binary estimates. In addition to using directly collocated pairs of data, collocated data were merged within a certain temporal and spatial threshold into single events, according to the observation times. Although binary statistics do not show perfect agreement, simulations of areal estimates from the observations themselves indicate a reasonable performance of HOAPS to detect rain. However, there are deficits at low and mid-latitudes. Weaknesses also occur when analyzing the mean precipitation rates; HOAPS underperforms in the area of the intertropical convergence zone, where OceanRAIN observations show the highest mean precipitation rates. Histograms indicate that this is due to an underestimation of the frequency of moderate to high precipitation rates by HOAPS, which cannot be explained by areal averaging.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Bumke, Karl; König-Langlo, Gert; Kinzel, Julian; Schröder, Marc (2016): HOAPS and ERA-Interim precipitation over the sea: validation against shipboard in situ measurements. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 9(5), 2409-2423, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2409-2016
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: The satellite derived HOAPS (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite data) and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) ERA-Interim reanalysis data sets have been validated against in-situ precipitation measurements from ship rain gauges and optical disdrometers over the open-ocean by applying a statistical analysis for binary forecasts. For this purpose collocated pairs of data were merged within a certain temporal and spatial threshold into single events, according to the satellites' overpass, the observation and the forecast times. HOAPS detects the frequency of precipitation well, while ERA-Interim strongly overestimates it, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Although precipitation rates are difficult to compare because along-track point measurements are collocated with areal estimates and the numbers of available data are limited, we find that HOAPS underestimates precipitation rates, while ERA-Interim's Atlantic-wide average precipitation rate is close to measurements. However, regionally averaged over latitudinal belts, there are deviations between the observed mean precipitation rates and ERA-Interim. The most obvious ERA-Interim feature is an overestimation of precipitation in the area of the intertropical convergence zone and the southern sub-tropics over the Atlantic Ocean. For a limited number of snow measurements by optical disdrometers it can be concluded that both HOAPS and ERA-Interim are suitable to detect the occurrence of solid precipitation.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 3 datasets
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  • 4
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Bumke, Karl (2016): Validation of ERA-Interim Precipitation Estimates over the Baltic Sea. 7(6), 82, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7060082
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: Rain rates measured onboard ships, merchant ships and research vessels, by ship rain gauges. Data are gained over the Baltic Sea area, measurement intervals are 8 min.
    Keywords: DATE/TIME; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Precipitation; Rain gauge
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2014210 data points
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: DATE/TIME; Number; Precipitation; Wind speed, relative
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 175715 data points
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: DATE/TIME; Kiel Fjord; Kiel-Institute; Precipitation; Weather station/meteorological observation; WST
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 18881 data points
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: DATE/TIME; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Precipitation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 27881 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: DATE/TIME; DEPTH, water; HMS; Hydrometeorological station; Kiel_GEOMAR-Pier; Temperature, water
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 5434 data points
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-05-05
    Description: PREFCLIM is a mixed-layer climatology for the Eastern Tropical Atlantic. The climatology contains a high-resolution (0.25 degrees) monthly-mean mixed-layer hydrography (mixed-layer depth, temperature, salinity), and coarse-resolution (2.5 degrees) estimates of the mixed-layer heat and salt balance, as well as of near-surface velocities and of air-sea fluxes. All existing hydrographic products of the region were hampered by the sparse availability of near-shore data owned by the West-African coastal countries, which could, however, be included in the new climatology.
    Keywords: File content; File format; File name; File size; Model; PREFCLIM; Uniform resource locator/link to file
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 24 data points
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  • 10
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Schlundt, Michael; Brandt, Peter; Dengler, Marcus; Hummels, Rebecca; Fischer, Tim; Bumke, Karl; Krahmann, Gerd; Karstensen, Johannes (2014): Mixed layer heat and salinity budgets during the onset of the 2011 Atlantic cold tongue. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119(11), 7882-7910, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010021
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: The mixed layer (ML) temperature and salinity changes in the central tropical Atlantic have been studied by a dedicated experiment (Cold Tongue Experiment (CTE)) carried out from May to July 2011. The CTE was based on two successive research cruises, a glider swarm, and moored observations. The acquired in situ data sets together with satellite, reanalysis, and assimilation model data were used to evaluate box-averaged ML heat and salinity budgets for two subregions: (1) the western equatorial Atlantic cold tongue (ACT) (23°-10°W) and (2) the region north of the ACT. The strong ML heat loss in the ACT region during the CTE was found to be the result of the balance of warming due to net surface heat flux and cooling due to zonal advection and diapycnal mixing. The northern region was characterized by weak cooling and the dominant balance of net surface heat flux and zonal advection. A strong salinity increase occurred at the equator, 10°W, just before the CTE. During the CTE, ML salinity in the ACT region slightly increased. Largest contributions to the ML salinity budget were zonal advection and the net surface freshwater flux. While essential for the ML heat budget in the ACT region, diapycnal mixing played only a minor role for the ML salinity budget. In the region north of the ACT, the ML freshened at the beginning of the CTE due to precipitation, followed by a weak salinity increase. Zonal advection changed sign contributing to ML freshening at the beginning of the CTE and salinity increase afterward.
    Keywords: Climate - Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean; SFB754; SOPRAN; Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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