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  • 1
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    The role of external inputs and internal cycling in shaping the global ocean cobalt distribution : insights from the first cobalt biogeochemical model (2018)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 32 (2018): 594-616, doi:10.1002/2017GB005830.
    Description: Cobalt is an important micronutrient for ocean microbes as it is present in vitamin B12 and is a co‐factor in various metalloenzymes that catalyze cellular processes. Moreover, when seawater availability of cobalt is compared to biological demands, cobalt emerges as being depleted in seawater, pointing to a potentially important limiting role. To properly account for the potential biological role for cobalt, there is therefore a need to understand the processes driving the biogeochemical cycling of cobalt and, in particular, the balance between external inputs and internal cycling. To do so, we developed the first cobalt model within a state‐of‐the‐art three‐dimensional global ocean biogeochemical model. Overall, our model does a good job in reproducing measurements with a correlation coefficient of 〉0.7 in the surface and 〉0.5 at depth. We find that continental margins are the dominant source of cobalt, with a crucial role played by supply under low bottom‐water oxygen conditions. The basin‐scale distribution of cobalt supplied from margins is facilitated by the activity of manganese‐oxidizing bacteria being suppressed under low oxygen and low temperatures, which extends the residence time of cobalt. Overall, we find a residence time of 7 and 250 years in the upper 250 m and global ocean, respectively. Importantly, we find that the dominant internal resupply process switches from regeneration and recycling of particulate cobalt to dissolution of scavenged cobalt between the upper ocean and the ocean interior. Our model highlights key regions of the ocean where biological activity may be most sensitive to cobalt availability.
    Description: EC | H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (ERC) Grant Number: 724289; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Grant Number: NE/N001079/1; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Grant Number: 3738; NSF OCE Grant Numbers: 0929919, 0752832, 0649639, 0223378, 1658030, 1736599; NERC Grant Number: NE/N001079/1; European Research Council Grant Number: 724289
    Keywords: Biogeochemistry ; Trace elements ; Modeling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Mercury species concentrations and fluxes in the Central Tropical Pacific Ocean (2015)
    John Wiley & Sons
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 29 (2015): 656–676, doi:10.1002/2015GB005120.
    Description: The formation of the toxic and bioaccumulating monomethylmercury (MMHg) in marine systems is poorly understood, due in part to sparse data from many ocean regions. We present dissolved mercury (Hg) speciation data from 10 stations in the North and South Equatorial Pacific spanning large water mass differences and gradients in oxygen utilization. We also compare the mercury content in suspended particles from six stations and sinking particles from three stations to constrain local Hg sources and sinks. Concentrations of total Hg (THg) and methylated Hg in the surface and intermediate waters of the Equatorial and South Pacific suggest Hg cycling distinct from that of the North Pacific gyre. Maximum concentrations of 180 fM for both MMHg and dimethylmercury (DMHg) are observed in the Equatorial Pacific. South of the equator, concentrations of MMHg and DMHg are less than 100 fM. Sinking fluxes of particulate THg can reasonably explain the shape of dissolved THg profiles, but those of MMHg are too low to account for dissolved MMHg profiles. However, methylated Hg species are lower than predicted from remineralization rates based on North Pacific data, consistent with limitation of methylation in Equatorial and South Pacific waters. Full water column depth profiles were also measured for the first time in these regions. Concentrations of THg are elevated in deep waters of the North Pacific, compared to those in the intermediate and surface waters, and taper off in the South Pacific. Comparisons with previous measurements from nearby regions suggest little enrichment of THg or MMHg over the past 20 years.
    Description: Financial support for this study was provided by the National Science Foundation in a grant from the Chemical Oceanography Program (OCE-1031271) to C.H. Lamborg and M.A. Saito and a Graduate Student Fellowship to K.M. Munson.
    Description: 2015-11-25
    Keywords: Mercury ; Speciation ; Sinking fluxes ; Oxygen minimum zone
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Copper stress in Staphylococcus aureus leads to adaptive changes in central carbon metabolism (2020)
    Royal Society of Chemistry
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tarrant, E., P Riboldi, G., McIlvin, M. R., Stevenson, J., Barwinska-Sendra, A., Stewart, L. J., Saito, M. A., & Waldron, K. J. Copper stress in staphylococcus aureus leads to adaptive changes in central carbon metabolism. Metallomics, 11, (2019): 183-200, doi: 10.1039/C8MT00239H.
    Description: Copper toxicity has been a long-term selection pressure on bacteria due to its presence in the environment and its use as an antimicrobial agent by grazing protozoa, by phagocytic cells of the immune system, and in man-made medical and commercial products. There is recent evidence that exposure to increased copper stress may have been a key driver in the evolution and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a globally important pathogen that causes significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Yet it is unclear how S. aureus physiology is affected by copper stress or how it adapts in order to be able to grow in the presence of excess copper. Here, we have determined quantitatively how S. aureus alters its proteome during growth under copper stress conditions, comparing this adaptive response in two different types of growth regime. We found that the adaptive response involves induction of the conserved copper detoxification system as well as induction of enzymes of central carbon metabolism, with only limited induction of proteins involved in the oxidative stress response. Further, we identified a protein that binds copper inside S. aureus cells when stressed by copper excess. This copper-binding enzyme, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase essential for glycolysis, is inhibited by copper in vitro and inside S. aureus cells. Together, our data demonstrate that copper stress leads to the inhibition of glycolysis in S. aureus, and that the bacterium adapts to this stress by altering its central carbon utilisation pathways.
    Description: KJW and ET were supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship (to KJW) funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (098375/Z/12/Z), and GPR was funded by a CAPES Science Without Borders scholarship (BEX 2445/13-1). JS (BB/F015895/1) and ABS (BB/J014516/1) were supported by BBSRC PhD studentships, and LS was supported by a Newcastle University Research Excellence Academy PhD studentship (05MREA). MAS was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Grant (GBM3782). We also thank Prof. Simon Foster (Sheffield, UK) for the gift of S. aureus strain SH1000, and Dr Julie Morrissey (Leicester, UK) for phage φ11.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Characterization of the Fe metalloproteome of a ubiquitous marine heterotroph, Pseudoalteromonas (BB2-AT2): multiple bacterioferritin copies enable significant Fe storage (2020)
    Royal Society of Chemistry
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mazzotta, M. G., McIlvin, M. R., & Saito, M. A. Characterization of the Fe metalloproteome of a ubiquitous marine heterotroph, Pseudoalteromonas (BB2-AT2): multiple bacterioferritin copies enable significant Fe storage. Metallomics, (2020), doi:10.1039/d0mt00034e.
    Description: Fe is a critical nutrient to the marine biological pump, which is the process that exports photosynthetically fixed carbon in the upper ocean to the deep ocean. Fe limitation controls photosynthetic activity in major regions of the oceans, and the subsequent degradation of exported photosynthetic material is facilitated particularly by marine heterotrophic bacteria. Despite their importance in the carbon cycle and the scarcity of Fe in seawater, the Fe requirements, storage and cytosolic utilization of these marine heterotrophs has been less studied. Here, we characterized the Fe metallome of Pseudoalteromonas (BB2-AT2). We found that with two copies of bacterioferritin (Bfr), Pseudoalteromonas possesses substantial capacity for luxury uptake of Fe. Fe : C in the whole cell metallome was estimated (assuming C : P stoichiometry ∼51 : 1) to be between ∼83 μmol : mol Fe : C, ∼11 fold higher than prior marine bacteria surveys. Under these replete conditions, other major cytosolic Fe-associated proteins were observed including superoxide dismutase (SodA; with other metal SOD isoforms absent under Fe replete conditions) and catalase (KatG) involved in reactive oxygen stress mitigation and aconitase (AcnB), succinate dehydrogenase (FrdB) and cytochromes (QcrA and Cyt1) involved in respiration. With the aid of singular value decomposition (SVD), we were able to computationally attribute peaks within the metallome to specific metalloprotein contributors. A putative Fe complex TonB transporter associated with the closely related Alteromonas bacterium was found to be abundant within the Pacific Ocean mesopelagic environment. Despite the extreme scarcity of Fe in seawater, the marine heterotroph Pseudoalteromonas has expansive Fe storage capacity and utilization strategies, implying that within detritus and sinking particles environments, there is significant opportunity for Fe acquisition. Together these results imply an evolved dedication of marine Pseudoalteromonas to maintaining an Fe metalloproteome, likely due to its dependence on Fe-based respiratory metabolism.
    Description: M. G. M. was supported by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Environmental Chemistry Postdoctoral Fellowship. We thank Kay Bidle (Rutgers University) for providing a culture of Pseudoalteromonas (BB2-AT2). We also thank Dawn Moran (WHOI) and Noelle Held (WHOI-MIT) for culturing assistance. We appreciate the Captain and Crew of the R/V Kilo Moana, and the many involved in the METZYME expedition sampling efforts. Discussions with Kevin Waldron (Newcastle University), Alison Butler (University of California, Santa Barbara), Lauren Manck (Scripps Institution of Oceanography), Randie Bundy (University of Washington) and Jake Gebbie (WHOI) were much appreciated. Funding for this research was provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (3782), and NSF-OCE 1658030, 1736599, 1657766, 1924554, 1850719, 1924554.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Thaumarchaeal ecotype distributions across the equatorial Pacific Ocean and their potential roles in nitrification and sinking flux attenuation (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Limnology and Oceanography 62 (2017): 1984–2003, doi:10.1002/lno.10547.
    Description: Thaumarchaea are among the most abundant microbial groups in the ocean, but controls on their abundance and the distribution and metabolic potential of different subpopulations are poorly constrained. Here, two ecotypes of ammonia-oxidizing thaumarchaea were quantified using ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes across the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The shallow, or water column “A” (WCA), ecotype was the most abundant ecotype at the depths of maximum nitrification rates, and its abundance correlated with other biogeochemical indicators of remineralization such as NO3 : Si and total Hg. Metagenomes contained thaumarchaeal genes encoding for the catalytic subunit of the urease enzyme (ureC) at all depths, suggesting that members of both WCA and the deep, water column “B” (WCB) ecotypes may contain ureC. Coupled urea hydrolysis-ammonia oxidation rates were similar to ammonia oxidation rates alone, suggesting that urea could be an important source of ammonia for mesopelagic ammonia oxidizers. Potential inducement of metal limitation of both ammonia oxidation and urea hydrolysis was demonstrated via additions of a strong metal chelator. The water column inventory of WCA was correlated with the depth-integrated abundance of WCB, with both likely controlled by the flux of sinking particulate organic matter, providing strong evidence of vertical connectivity between the ecotypes. Further, depth-integrated amoA gene abundance and nitrification rates were correlated with particulate organic nitrogen flux measured by contemporaneously deployed sediment traps. Together, the results refine our understanding of the controls on thaumarchaeal distributions in the ocean, and provide new insights on the relationship between material flux and microbial communities in the mesopelagic.
    Description: United States National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant Numbers: OCE-1260006, OCE-1031271, OCE-1337780, OCE-1259994; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES); JGI Community Sequencing Project 1337
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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