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  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)  (35)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new method for determination of the polarization factor of a crystal monochromator is presented. This method is based on the use of polarized X-rays produced by anomalous transmission or the Borrmann effect. The polarization factors of two quartz (10\overline 11) monochromators of Johansson type have been measured with Cu Kα radiation, and the resulting values are in close agreement with the expression derived from the kinematic diffraction theory.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 352-357 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A modification of the Rietveld refinement program is introduced by replacing the Gaussian profile function with a Voigtian. The performance of the program is tested by an application to simulated and measured diffraction patterns of NaTaO3, and excellent results are obtained when the tails of the reflections are included at distances 10 to 20 times the half-width of the reflections. Comparison between Gaussian and Voigtian refinements show large differences in the thermal parameters. This is due to the high level of background that is assumed in the Gaussian refinement to compensate for the lack of tail overlap. Application of the Voigtian refinement to the measured pattern of Ni yields a thermal parameter that is close to the literature values, while the Gaussian analysis gives a value which is 35% too large. The isotropic temperature factors of the room-temperature structure of NaTaO3, respectively, drop down to the values B(Ta) = 0.09(2), B(Na) = 1.21(3), B(O1) = 0.59(3) and B(O2) = 0.61(3) Å2, when the Voigtian analysis with a proper background is carried out. The role of background in powder pattern refinement is discussed, and it is suggested that a calculation of the average TDS should be included in the refinement.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 18 (1985), S. 272-274 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Reflection from a perfect crystal is used to produce a parallel beam of Kα1 radiation. The losses due to large distances, which are needed for elimination of the Kα2 component, are compensated by a totally reflecting guide tube. The measured flux of Kα1 from a Cu-target X-ray tube at 40 kV and 40 mA was 5 × 105 counts s−1 on an area of 0.5 mm2, when an Si(220) monochromator and a glass guide tube were used. It is estimated that 1 × 107 counts s−1 are available with a Ge(111) monochromator and a gold-plated guide tube. The angular resolution is about 0.1 mrad.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The X-ray reflectivity of bent perfect crystals is calculated from a model where the crystal is approximated by a stack of perfect-crystal lamellae which have a gradually changing orientation. A computer program is developed for calculation of the reflectivity of the composite crystal from the dynamical theory of diffraction. An approximate solution is also given where an analytical formula for the reflectivity of a non-absorbing lamella is used and the effects of absorption are calculated separately. Typically, in the Bragg case, the reflectivity curve has a steep edge and an exponentially falling slope, while in the Laue case the curve is almost rectangular if the absorption is not too large. The width of the curve is inversely proportional to the bending radius in both cases. Reflectivity curves were measured for the 111 and 400 reflections of Si with Mo Kα1 radiation. The agreement with analytical and computer calculations is good, particularly at small bending radii where the kinematical limit is approached.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new procedure of pattern decomposition in energy-dispersive powder diffraction is presented. The total observed pattern is taken as a sum of incoherent and coherent scattering. The incoherent part is calculated from theoretical cross sections for individual atoms, the coherent part is described as a sum of discrete Bragg peaks and acoustic and optic phonon thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) is calculated from the Debye and Einstein models, respectively. The total TDS is scaled to be the scattering missing from the Bragg reflections due to thermal motion. The model pattern is convoluted by the instrument function calculated from the diffraction geometry, and the pattern is fitted to the observed one by varying the integrated Bragg intensities and thermal motion parameters. The method is applied to patterns of Mg, Al and Ti powders, leading to an unambiguous and self-consistent division to the background and the pattern of Bragg reflections. As an application, the flux of continuous radiation from a W-anode X-ray tube is determined using theoretical integrated Bragg intensities.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An intrinsic Ge detector is used to analyze the energy spectrum of a well collimated X-ray beam of white radiation diffracted from powder samples of Al, Mg and Ti. Two spectra on each sample are measured at scattering angles where reflections hkl and 2h′ 2k′ 2l occur at the same energies. The Bragg reflections are separated by fitting a model for the different components of scattering to the total spectrum. The thermal-motion parameter B is determined from the intensity ratio of several pairs of reflections. Most of the uncertainties due to a non-ideal sample or errors in the experimental parameters cancel out in the expression for B. The values of B are 0.86 (2) Å2 for Al, Ba = 1.29 (8) Å2 and Bc = 1.60 (9) Å2 for Mg and Ba = 0.63 (4) Å2 and Bc = 0.73 (7) Å2 for Ti, where Ba is for directions perpendicular to the c axis and Bc for the direction of the c axis. The results are in agreement with published values of the thermal-motion parameters.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 268-273 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Construction and performance of a spectrometer based on a high-voltage generator and W-anode X-ray tube are described. W Kα1 radiation is monochromated using a bent Ge (400) crystal. The obtained monochromatic flux is 107 photons s−1 and the beam size at the focal point 15 × 0.5 mm. Comparison is made with a 241Am γ-ray source, which has an almost equal photon energy. The W Kα1 beam does not exhibit the low-energy tail typical for the γ-ray source but, on the other hand, a small contribution of doublet energy was observed. Directional Compton profiles of pyrolytic graphite were measured with both sources and essentially the same features were found.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 432-438 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The 220 reflectivity curve of a 4 mm thick Si crystal is measured in asymmetric transmission (Laue) geometry. The crystal is bent to a radius varying from 24 to 138 m, and the analyzer is a nearly perfect Si(220) crystal in non-dispersive (+, −) arrangement. The full width at half-maximum of the reflectivity curves varies from 61 to 10 μrad, while that of a flat perfect crystal is 1.2 μrad, and the observed maximum reflectivity is about 60%. The calculated value is even higher, exceeding 80%. The bent crystal is used as an inverse-Cauchois monochromator, where the source of radiation is on the focusing circle. The effect of the beam divergence on the energy bandpass is eliminated, leaving only the contribution of the reflectivity curve. This can be matched to the desired resolution of the experiment by the choice of the thickness and asymmetry angle of the crystal. Compton-profile measurements from Ag and Au foils are used for a comparison of different monochromators. The bent-crystal monochromator provides 50 times more flux than the perfect Si(220) crystal and a better energy resolution than heat-treated Si(220) or mosaic Ge(220) crystals.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 142-142 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The reported large discrepancies between the measured and the tabulated absorption coefficients of silicon [Lawrence, Acta Cryst. (1977), A33, 343] are shown to arise from the neglect of the scattering contribution and probably from contamination of the incident beam by harmonic wavelengths.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 1012-1027 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The accuracy of the determination of the structure factors from a powder diffraction measurement is studied in light of a representative example: nickel with Cu Kα radiation. Various sources of error in the absolute measurement and methods of sample characterization are discussed. The contributions of various extraneous scattering mechanisms are assessed. From these considerations it is possible to separate the Bragg scattering, providing measurements are made through virtually the entire angular range. Results are given in detail for a standard sample, a duplicate of which can be made available to interested workers. The relationship of these results to the structure factors of the sample is discussed in terms of a model calculation, in terms of line shape analysis, and in terms of some comparative measurements on various samples of Ni and MgO. All these analyses indicate the impossibility of preparing a single sample which is ideally mosaic. Thus it is incorrect to relate the measured integrated reflection to the structure factor with the customary simple formula when high accuracy is required.
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