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  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)  (27)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 547-554 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Investigations of many imperfect single crystals of different materials by means of a γ-diffractometer show that the mosaic structure of large single crystals is often very inhomogeneous: the mosaic distribution function has neither a Gaussian nor a Lorentzian shape and the shapes differ remarkably for different volume elements in the sample. Current extinction theories must be considered with reservation because Darwin's intensity transport equations are solved assuming the scattering length for a given angle of incidence to be constant all over the irradiated crystal volume. This is not true for samples with inhomogeneous mosaic structure.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 432-438 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The 220 reflectivity curve of a 4 mm thick Si crystal is measured in asymmetric transmission (Laue) geometry. The crystal is bent to a radius varying from 24 to 138 m, and the analyzer is a nearly perfect Si(220) crystal in non-dispersive (+, −) arrangement. The full width at half-maximum of the reflectivity curves varies from 61 to 10 μrad, while that of a flat perfect crystal is 1.2 μrad, and the observed maximum reflectivity is about 60%. The calculated value is even higher, exceeding 80%. The bent crystal is used as an inverse-Cauchois monochromator, where the source of radiation is on the focusing circle. The effect of the beam divergence on the energy bandpass is eliminated, leaving only the contribution of the reflectivity curve. This can be matched to the desired resolution of the experiment by the choice of the thickness and asymmetry angle of the crystal. Compton-profile measurements from Ag and Au foils are used for a comparison of different monochromators. The bent-crystal monochromator provides 50 times more flux than the perfect Si(220) crystal and a better energy resolution than heat-treated Si(220) or mosaic Ge(220) crystals.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 789-800 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Neutron diffraction and γ-ray rocking-curve measurements were performed on plastically deformed single crystals of Cu in order to compare the mosaic distribution parameters obtained from least-squares structural refinement with those seen by the γ-diffractometer. Neutron data were collected at two wavelengths (λ = 0.538 and 0.741 Å) for one crystal with very homogeneous mosaic distribution, and for another crystal with less good but more typical mosaic structure data were collected for λ = 0.538 Å. Maximum sin θ/λ was 1.52 Å-1 and maximum extinction correction was less than 30%. For the latter crystal no comparison could be made between the two sets of observed distribution parameters because of the uneven mosaic distribution. The former crystal was found from the γ-ray measurements to be bent, but when this was taken into consideration in the Coppens-Hamilton [Acta Cryst. (1970), A26, 71-83] formalism for anisotropic extinction correction good agreement was found between mosaic parameters obtained by γ-ray and neutron measurements for directions not affected by the crystal curvature, whereas the structure refinement did not, as expected, reflect the complete crystal curvature when this effect was dominant.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The difficulties in relating any diffraction theory to the defect structure of 'real crystals' used in crystallography are discussed qualitatively and it is shown that most of these problems become less severe in structure factor measurements by means of γ-ray diffractometry. Probably more direct information on the defect structure of the samples used in accurate diffraction experiments is needed in order to improve the situation. At present and probably for the near future it seems best to design experiments where extinction is only of the order of 10% or less.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 43 (1987), S. 251-257 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 40 (1984), S. 38-44 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 394-402 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An experimental method of measuring absolute structure factors in imperfect single crystals by means of Bragg diffraction of 0.03 Å γ-radiation is presented. It is shown that in principle atomic scattering factors can be deduced with an accuracy of about ±0.5% from rocking curves measured by means of γ-ray diffractometry. Due to the uncertainties in the correction for thermal motion of the atoms, however, the values of the atomic scattering factors of copper at the 220, 2\bar 22 and 333 reflexions could be derived only with an accuracy of ±1%. The measurements were made at room temperature.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 530-534 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The occurrence of multiple Bragg scattering in a copper single-crystal was investigated using a well collimated γ-ray beam of wavelength 0.03 Å. The radius of the corresponding Ewald sphere is 2π/λ = 208 Å−1. With 2\bar 20 in reflecting position multiple scattering can be avoided in principle by rotating the sample about 5° around the scattering vector. There is a possibility that multiple scattering will affect the γ-ray measurements only if the mosaic spread of the sample is larger than the smallest Bragg angle obtainable. The reflectivity of even the strongest reflections from a copper crystal of 25′ mosaic spread and thickness T = 1 cm, however, is only of the order of 5% with respect to 0.03 Å γ-radiation and therefore the influence of multiple scattering on the shape of the measured rocking curve is negligible.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 541-546 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A single-crystal diffractometer has been constructed for use with γ-radiation of wavelengths down to λ = 0.03 Å. The relative line width at room temperature of the 412 keV line of radioactive gold is Δλ/λ = 10−6. The angular divergence of the primary beam in the scattering plane is equal to 10′′. The wavelength is so short that the Bragg scattering in imperfect single crystals with an effective thickness of 1 mm or more can be made extinction-free. Therefore the measured rocking curves represent mosaic distribution functions well and normally no deconvolution problems are involved in the interpretation of these curves. Because the absorption of the 412 keV γ-radiation is small (the mean free path for example being about 11 mm for copper), measurements with targets contained in ovens, cryostats, or high-pressure devices can be easily performed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 195-201 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The mosaic structure of a large copper single-crystal was determined experimentally with 0.03 Å, radiation and found to be inhomogeneous. The influence of inhomogeneities on the diffraction process was studied computationally for the symmetrical Laue geometry as a function of the wavelength of the scattered radiation. The calculations were based on Darwin's theory of extinction. Zachariasen's extinction factor y was found to be a product of two factors, y′ and y′′: y′ ≤ 1 is related to the secondary extinction occurring in the crystal if the mosaic structure is assumed to be homogeneous, y′′ ≤ 1 represents the increase of secondary extinction due to certain inhomogeneities in the mosaic structure. In the investigated copper crystal y′′ is equal to 0.89 for y′ = 0.85, thus the relative error Δy/y in the extinction factor would be of the order of 12% if the inhomogeneities in the mosaic structure are not taken into account. The value of y′′ depends on the degree of inhomogeneity in the mosaic structure of the sample which has to be determined experimentally. The wavelength dependence of y′′ cannot be described by a simple law allowing for extrapolation to λ→ 0. Inhomogeneities cause a relative decrease of the peak reflectivity of about 20% for peak values smaller than 0.3. If the peak reflectivity approaches its saturation value of 0.5, the half width of the diffraction pattern decreases by approximately 30% with respect to the result of calculations where the inhomogeneities in the mosaic structure are not taken into account.
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