ALBERT

Description: Helium isotopes are used as a tracer for primitive reservoirs that have persisted in the Earth’s mantle. Basalts erupted at several intraplate oceanic islands, including Hawaii, Iceland, Galapagos, and Samoa, have hosted the highest 3 He/ 4 He ratios (〉30 Ra, where Ra is atmospheric 3 He/ 4 He ratio) globally that are far in excess of the 3 He/ 4 He typical of the upper mantle sampled at mid-ocean ridges (8 Ra). These lavas have been suggested to be melts of a primitive, or possibly slightly depleted, mantle reservoir, i.e., either fertile or a depleted peridotite. Here we report evidence for geochemical enrichment in the high- 3 He/ 4 He mantle sampled by lavas with the highest 3 He/ 4 He from Hawaii, Samoa, and possibly Galapagos. The titanium concentrations in high- 3 He/ 4 He lavas from Samoa are too high to be explained by melts of a mantle peridotite, even at infinitesimally small degrees of melting, and the elevated Ti corresponds to elevated Pb-isotopic ratios. The highest 3 He/ 4 He lavas from Loihi, Hawaii, also have Ti concentrations that are too high to be melts of primitive mantle peridotite at the degrees of melt extraction proposed for this ocean island. Thus, Ti-rich material must have been added to the high- 3 He/ 4 He mantle reservoir, and this material is likely to be recycled mafic crust similar to MORB-like eclogite, which is consistent with the elevated Pb-isotopic ratios. We show that fractionation corrected, major element compositions of high- 3 He/ 4 He alkalic lavas can be satisfactorily modeled by melting and melt-rock interaction scenario in a fertile peridotite-MORB-eclogite hybrid system. Primitive peridotitic and recycled eclogitic reservoirs are suggested to be intimately associated in the deepest mantle and high- 3 He/ 4 He lavas from several localities may sample a mantle source that hosts a component of recycled oceanic crust.

Description: It is well known that heterogeneities in carbonate reservoirs impact fluid flow during production. However, few studies have examined the impact of the same heterogeneities on flow behaviour with different fluid properties and production scenarios. We use integrated flow simulation and experimental design techniques to investigate the relative, first-order impact of stratigraphic and sedimentological heterogeneities on simulated recovery in carbonate ramp reservoirs. Two production strategies are compared, which promote dominance of either horizontal or vertical flow. We find that the modelled geology is more important than the simulated fluid properties and production scenarios over the ranges tested. Of the heterogeneities modelled here, rock properties and stratigraphic heterogeneities that control reservoir architecture and the spatial distribution of environment of deposition (EOD) belts are important controls on recovery regardless of the production strategy. The presence of cemented hardground surfaces becomes the key control on oil recovery in displacements dominated by vertical flow. Permeability anisotropy is of low importance for all production strategies. The impacts of stratigraphic heterogeneities on recovery factor and water breakthrough are more strongly influenced by fluid properties and well spacing in displacements dominated by vertical flow. These results help to streamline the reservoir modelling process, by identifying key heterogeneities, and to optimize production strategies.