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  • 1
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    The L'Aquila trial (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-15
    Description: The first stage of the trial in L'Aquila (Italy) ended with a conviction of seven experts, convened by the head of Civil Protection on 31 March 2009, for multiple manslaughter and serious injuries. They were sentenced to six years in jail, perpetual interdiction from public office and a fine of several million euros to be paid to the victims of the earthquake of 6 April 2009 (moment magnitude 6.3) for having caused, by their negligent conduct, the death of 29 persons and the injury of several others. The verdict had a tremendous impact on the scientific community and on the way scientists deliver their expert opinions to decision makers and society. This paper analyses the scientific argumentations reported in the Verdict Motivations, where scientific data and results were largely debated and misused to demonstrate that they should have been considered as a tool to predict an impending large earthquake. Moreover, we show that the supposed message of reassurance was not generated at the experts’ meeting or by the official Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia reports. The media had a key role in conveying information during the seismic swarm, contributing to the risk perception. We stress that prevention actions based on seismic hazard knowledge are the best defence against earthquakes.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 2
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    Analysis of Borehole Broadband Recordings: Test Site in the Po Basin, Northern Italy (2000)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-01
    Description: We analyze the broadband recordings from a borehole station installed in the bedrock underneath the Po basin (Northern Italy) and from a second station temporarily deployed on the surface at the same site to determine the surface sedimentary layer response and test the robustness of the different empirical techniques used to estimate local site effects. We investigate the site amplification by evaluating the surface-to-downhole spectral ratios and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios on both weak-motion events and microtremors. All the different empirical methods, except the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios on weak motions, reveal the main amplification peak at about 0.8 Hz, although the amplification factors are not always in agreement; the 0.8 Hz peak is the fundamental mode of the site, due to the upper 130-m Quaternary alluvium column (V (sub s) approximately 300 m/sec). We compare these experimental spectral functions with the theoretical 1D site response including and not including the borehole site response: first we evaluate the theoretical transfer function at the surface then at depth and take the smoothed ratio. The shallow velocity and attenuation structure at this site is assumed from previous studies. We attempt to account for the effect of the reflected wave field in the borehole recordings in two different ways: first we include the reflected wave field in the theoretical response function taking the theoretical transfer function's ratio (Hst/Hbt) and comparing it to the experimental earthquake ratios of horizontal components recorded at surface and at depth (Hs/Hb). Alternatively we multiply the Hs/Hb earthquake ratio by the coherence and compare it to the surface response function. This second approach does not provide a good fit to the amplitude of model response, even if the shape of the ratio is in agreement with the theoretic response, suggesting that multiplying by the coherence is not a good way to correct for the effect of reflected phases. To further understand the goodness of our theoretical 1D model (Hst/Hbt theoretical evaluations), we simulate the propagation through the shallower soil structure of the seismic waveforms recorded by the borehole sensor for a couple of events, obtaining reasonably good agreement with the surface time histories both in phase and amplitude. This test site and the results of this study are useful for understanding the influence of sedimentary layers on the ground shaking in the Po basin, the largest and most populated alluvial basin in Italy.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 3
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    Complex Normal Faulting in the Apennines Thrust-and-Fold Belt: The 1997 Seismic sequence in Central Italy (2005)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A long sequence of moderate-magnitude earthquakes (5 M 6) struck central Italy in September and October 1997. At the end of the sequence a year later, the seismogenic area extends for about 60 km along the Apennines. The analysis of historical seismicity suggests that this seismic sequence filled a 700-year gap in this portion of the chain. Other historical sequences in the same area are characterized by prolonged seismic release on adjacent fault segments, probably due to the involvement of shallow and complex structures inherited by the compressive tectonics. The distribution of seismicity and the fault-plane solutions show that the extension in this region is accomplished by normal faults dipping at relatively low angles ( 40 ) to the southwest. The focal mechanisms of the largest shocks reveal normal faulting with extension perpendicular to the Apenninic chain (northeast–southwest), consistently with the Quaternary tectonics of the internal sector of the northern Apennine belt and with previous earthquakes in adjacent regions. Three mainshocks occurred on distinct 5- to 10-km-long fault segments, adjacent and slightly offset between each other. High-quality aftershock locations show that seismicity is confined within the sedimentary Mesozoic cover in the upper 8 km of the crust and that most of the aftershocks are shallower than the largest shocks, which nucleated at 6-km depth. Faults evidenced by aftershock locations have a planar geometry and show increased complexity toward the surface. Most of the aftershock focal mechanisms are dominated by normal faulting. Several strike-slip events occurred at shallow depths, reactivating portions of pre-existing thrust planes that segment the normal fault system. The spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity shows a peculiar migration of hypocenters along the strike of the main faults with multiple ruptures and the activation of fault segments before the occurrence of the main rupture episodes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 99-116
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic ; Sequence ; Central Italy ; Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 2909303 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    The INGVterremoti channel on YouTube (2013)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In February 2010, we launched an experimental scientific video channel on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/ingvterremoti), to improve our communication strategy for earthquake risk and preparedness. The main goals of this initiative were to inform people of the ongoing seismic activity in Italy and around the World, to communicate the results of scientific research in seismology, and to increase the knowledge of seismic hazard of the people. To date, after almost two years from the start, we have published 52 original videos on YouTube, through the collaboration of many researchers at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). The videos are organized into eight play lists: (i) earthquakes in Italy; (ii) earthquakes worldwide; (iii) the 2009 L’Aquila, Italy, earthquake; (iv) ongoing seismic activity; (v) tsunami; (vi) earthquake prediction; (vii) seismic hazard; and (viii) May 11 2011 (when a major earthquake was predicted to hit Rome). To date, the total number of views is over 466,000, with two peaks of more than 20,000/day after the Tohoku, Japan, earthquake (March 2011) and before the presumed prediction of a major earthquake to hit Rome on May 11, 2011. The most popular videos (6) have been viewed more than 20,000 times, with a maximum of over 67,000. We think that this initiative has increased people’s
    Description: Published
    Description: 303-408
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic hazard ; Education and outreach ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Turning the rumor of the May 11, 2011, earthquake prediction in Rome, Italy, into an information day on earthquake hazard (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A devastating earthquake was predicted to hit Rome on May 11, 2011. This prediction was never officially released, but it grew on the internet and was amplified by the media. It was erroneously ascribed to Raffaele Bendandi, an Italian self-taught natural scientist who studied planetary motions and related them to earthquakes. Indeed, around May 11, 2011, there was a planetary alignment, and this fed the credibility of the earthquake prediction. During the months preceding May 2011, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) was overwhelmed with requests for information about this prediction, by the inhabitants of Rome and by tourists. Given the echo of this earthquake prediction, on May 11, 2011, the INGV decided to organize an Open Day at its headquarters in Rome, to inform the public about Italian seismicity and earthquake physics. The Open Day was preceded by a press conference two days before, to talk with journalists about this prediction, and to present the Open Day. During this ‘Day’, 13 new videos were also posted on our YouTube/INGVterremoti channel to explain earthquake processes and hazards, and to provide periodic updates on seismicity in Italy from the seismicity monitoring room. On May 11, 2011, the INGV headquarters was peacefully invaded by over 3,000 visitors, from 10:00 am to 9:00 pm: families, students with and without teachers, civil protection groups, and many journalists. This initiative that was built up in a few weeks has had very large feedback, and was a great opportunity to talk with journalists and people about earthquake prediction, and more in general about the seismic risk in Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 413-420
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic hazard ; Education and outreach ; Seismic risk reduction ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    La sequenza sismica nel Montefeltro (Forlì - Cesena): l’intervento della rete sismica mobile (2011)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-09
    Description: Il 24 maggio 2011, alle 12.40 UTC, la Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN) dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) ha registrato un evento sismico di magnitudo (ML) 3.1 nel distretto sismico1 [Selvaggi et al., 1996] del Montefeltro (in provincia di Forlì-Cesena). Nelle successive due settimane sono stati localizzati dalla Sala di Sorveglianza Sismica della sede romana dell’INGV oltre 600 eventi di cui 13 di ML ≥ 3.0. Otto di questi eventi più energetici sono accaduti entro le prime 16 ore dalla prima scossa. L’evento di maggiore energia si è verificato la notte tra il 24 e il 25 maggio (ore 22.03 UTC del 24 maggio) con una magnitudo pari a ML 3.7 (Tabella 1). Considerando la peculiare evoluzione della sequenza nelle prime 24 ore dal primo evento, la prossimità dell'area epicentrale all’Alta Val Tiberina (AVT nel seguito) dove è attualmente in corso un esperimento sismico passivo [Progetto NOVAT2; Cattaneo et al., 2011; D’Alema et al., 2011] e l’apprensione che stava diffondendosi tra la popolazione, è stato ritenuto opportuno attivare le procedure di risposta ad una emergenza sismica e predisporre un intervento volto a migliorare la copertura strumentale dell'area. Il 25 maggio, in accordo con i colleghi INGV della Sezione di Pisa, dell’Osservatorio di Arezzo [Braun, 2006], della sede di Ancona e della Fondazione Prato Ricerche3, si è proceduto con l'istallazione di una rete sismica temporanea ad integrazione delle stazioni permanenti già presenti in zona. Nella giornata del 27 maggio, due delle stazioni temporanee sono state predisposte per la trasmissione in tempo reale alla Sala di Sorveglianza Sismica di Roma dei dati acquisiti, per migliorare la precisione delle localizzazioni prodotte. Nel contempo, sono stati curati dei comunicati informativi divulgati attraverso il sito web4 dell’Ente, parzialmente inclusi in questo lavoro, per dare una risposta alla popolazione interessata dalla sequenza e fortemente preoccupata dall’intensificarsi della sismicità. Il presente lavoro, la cui redazione è stata completata mentre la sequenza è ancora in corso, vuole essenzialmente descrivere le procedure che vengono attivate all’INGV in risposta ad una emergenza sismica e fornire uno strumento tecnico di supporto alla successiva elaborazione della base dati raccolta nel corso dell'esperimento. Viene quindi presentata una breve introduzione sulle conoscenze sismologiche dell’area interessata dalla sequenza, vengono descritti i comunicati emessi dall’INGV per informare i cittadini e viene descritto l’intervento della rete sismica temporanea, ovvero la tempistica dell'istallazione, la strumentazione utilizzata, e i siti occupati.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-17
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic Monitoring ; Emergency ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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