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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 62 (1979), S. 2517-2524 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ESR. and ENDOR. studies are reported for the radical anions of 1,2-diphenylcyclopentene (3) and its di(pe+deuteriophenyl)-derivative (3-D10). Comparison of the coupling constants of the phenyl protons in 3\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^{\ominus \atop \dot{}} $\end{document}. with the analogous values for the radical anions of 1,2-diphenyl substituted cyclopropene (1) and cyclobutene (2) reveals regular changes in the sequence 1\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^{\ominus \atop \dot{}} $\end{document}, 2\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^{\ominus \atop \dot{}} $\end{document}, 3\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^{\ominus \atop \dot{}} $\end{document}, which are caused by an increasing twist of the phenyl groups about the C(1), C(1′)- and C(2), C(1″)-bonds linking them to the ethylene fragment. Such a twist is shown to be also responsible for the large difference in the coupling constants of the methylene β-protons in 3\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^{\ominus \atop \dot{}} $\end{document}. (0.659 and 0.293 mT). It is suggested that - in order to minimize the losses caused by this twist in the π-delocalization energy - the 2 pz-axes at the centres 1 and 2 deviate from a perpendicular orientation to the mean plane of the cyclopentene ring. A deviation by 19° from such an orientation is required to account for the observed β-proton coupling constants in terms of their conventional cos2-dependence on the dihedral angles θ.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radical anion of 1,2:9,10-dibenzo[2.2]paracyclophane (3) has been studied by ESR, ENDOR, and TRIPLE resonance spectroscopy under a variety of experimental conditions. The coupling constants of the eight protons in the deck-benzene rings, and of the four inner and four outer protons in the side-benzene rings are 0.234, 0.123, and 0.036 mT, respectively (solvent: 1,2-dimethoxyethane; counterion: K+). All three values have the same sign which is predicted to be negative. Comparison of the largest coupling constant (0.234 mT) with the corresponding value (0.297 mT) for the radical anion of the parent [2.2]paracyclophane (1) points to similar nodal properties of the singly occupied orbitals in \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 1^{\scriptstyle {{\relbar}\kern-4pt {.}}} $\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 3^{\scriptstyle {{\relbar}\kern-4pt {.}}} $\end{document}. Notwithstanding this similarity, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 3^{\scriptstyle {{\relbar}\kern-4pt {.}}} $\end{document} seems to associate less readily than \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 3^{\scriptstyle {{\relbar}\kern-4pt {.}}} $\end{document} with alkali metal counterions, since tight ion pairs of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 3^{\scriptstyle {{\relbar}\kern-4pt {.}}} $\end{document} with K+ are formed only in solvents of low solvating power. Effects of conformational changes on the ESR spectra, such as those previously observed for the radical anion of [2.2]paracyclophane-1,9-diene (2), are not apparent for \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 3^{\scriptstyle {{\relbar}\kern-4pt {.}}} $\end{document} in the temperature range of investigation. Hyperfine data are also reported for the radical anion of a derivative 4 which has a CH3 substituent in one of the side-benzene rings of 3.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1843-1856 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bed expansion behavior of liquid fluidized beds of char particles coated with attached microbial growth of denitrifying mixed bacteria was studied experimentally to obtain an expression that relates the bed expansion to the liquid velocity for liquid fluidized beds of composite particles. As for liquid beds of homogeneous spheres, the bed voidage and the liquid velocity vz for liquid fluidized beds of biomass-coated particles were found to be related as vz/Vi = ∊n. The correlations recommended by Richardson and Zaki for homogeneous spheres are found to be satisfactory for the estimation of the constant n, but only under certain conditions for the constant Vi.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 597-614 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A computer program, based upon the method of Trautman, has been developed to calculate density-gradient proportionality constants, β0, as a function of density for any salt for which density and activity coefficient data are available. Results are given for twenty 1:1 electrolytes at 25°C. These salts are the chlorides, bromides, iodides, and nitrates of the five alkali cations. The program is available for use for any other salt and for a variety of temperatures if the necessary data can be found or measured. Between six and eleven centrifuge runs at different densities were performed fur each of seven of these salts experimentally to determine β0. In general, the experimental and theoretical values agree within 3% except at the extremes of density. This demonstrates the validity of the computer program and is the first extensive demonstration that the thermodynamic calculation of density gradients is correct. Five new quadratic relationships between refractive index and density are given.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The release vibration and release call of Bufo valliceps have been studied by electromyography of the muscles involved, coupled with pressure and sound recording. The sequences are powered by contraction of the muscles of the body envelope and with the energy transmitted via the compressed pulmonary contents. Each pulse of a call starts as the laryngeal muscles relax and pulmonary pressure forces the arytenoid cartilages apart. Sound emission ceases when the laryngeal dilators pull the arytenoids out of the airstream. Reverse flow of air from buccal cavity to lungs may occur within prolonged release sequences. Inflation of the vocal sac results in marked increase in amplitude of the radiated sound without equivalent increase in amplitude of the myograns. The call is intimately associated with the pulsepumping method of breathing used by frogs.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple personal computer-based signal-averaging, linked scan control unit is described. The design is built around a set of cascaded multiplying digital-to-analog converters. Examples of B, B/E and B2/E spectra of a small peptide, a mixture of phosphatidyl ethanolamines and cesium iodide clusters are given to illustrate the utility of both linked scanning and signal averaging.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ESR. studies are reported for the radical anions of 5,6-didehydro- and 5,6,11,12-tetradehydro-dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene (III and IV, resp.), in addition to that of dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene (II) itself, the spectrum of which has been reexamined. Comparison of the proton and 13C coupling constants for II·⊖, III·⊖ and IV·⊖ indicates that the three radical anions do not differ greatly in their electronic and molecular structures. This statement implies that II·⊖ should also be substantially planar, i.e., the tub-shaped eight-membered ring in II is expected to flatten on passing from the neutral molecule to its radical anion. Support for postulating such a change in geometry, analogous to that encountered with the parent cyclooctatetraene (I), is provided by INDO calculations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 58 (1975), S. 2431-2437 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ESR.-spectra are reported for the radical anion and the radical cation of benzo[b]-biphenylene (III). Comparison of the proton coupling constants (aHμ) for III · ⊖ and III · ⊕ with π-spin populations (ϱμ), calculated by the McLachlan procedure, permits a lower limit of 0.77 to be set for the parameter κ = β′/β where β′ represents a reduced value of the HMO integral for the two essentially single bonds linking the benzene with the naphthalene π-system. The differences in the aHμ values for III · ⊖ and III · ⊕ are substantially larger than those generally found for the two corresponding radical ions of alternant, purely benzenoid hydrocarbons, but they closely parallel the analogous differences observed for the radical anion and the radical cation of biphenylene.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 59 (1976), S. 1365-1370 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of the title ion pairs has been established by ESR. studies of the radical anion produced from 1,1,10,10,12,13,15,16-octadeuterio[2.2]paracyclophane with potassium in tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. The counter-ion K⊕, which for steric reasons is forced to reside outside the framework of [2.2]paracyclophane, assumes a position above the centre of one benzene ring. Experimental support has been also obtained for the assignment of the coupling constants to those ring and methylene protons which are rendered non-equivalent by the ion pairing.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radical anions of benzo[2.2]paracyclophane (V) and its 1,2,12,12,14,15,17,18-octadeuterio derivative (V-d8) in three ethereal solvents (DME, THF and MTHF) and in the temperature range of -90 to -50° have been studied by ESR. and ENDOR. spectroscopy. The resulting hyperfine data provide a detailed picture of the π-spin distribution in V · ⊖ which is in full accord with expectation. In particular, it is noteworthy that the naphthalene moiety accommodates almost the entire π-spin population, as may be anticipated by the higher electron affinity of this π-system relative to benzene. The proton coupling constants for V · ⊖ have been compared with those values for the radical anions of anti- and syn-[2.2](1,4)-naphthalenophanes (II and III, respectively) which were obtained under conditions of low frequency electron transfer between the two equivalent naphthalene moieties. Such a comparison corroborates the interpretation of the results reported previously for II · ⊖ and III · ⊖.
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