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  • Hindawi  (179)
  • Frontiers Media  (166)
  • MDPI Publishing  (67)
  • 11
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    Sustainability, Vol. 7, Pages 10399-10427: Assessment and Evolution of the Sustainable Development Ability of Human–Ocean Systems in Coastal Regions of China (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-06
    Description: The oceans are a crucial source of natural resources for human development, as productive terrestrial resources increasingly reach their limits of economic and ecological exploitation. With increasing human impact on oceans, it is vital to maintain a sustainable human–ocean relationship. We present an indicator system and information entropy model to assess the evolution of human–ocean systems (HOSs) according to the dissipative structure theory. Sustainable development ability (SDA) scores for HOSs are calculated based on the combination-weighting model. Finally, the Richards model is used to depict the HOSs’ evolution states and periods in different coastal regions of China. The assessment indicates that total entropy is undergoing a process of negentropy; and that order degrees of HOSs are gradually improving. The results also suggest that the sustainable development levels of HOSs are continuously improving. The different coastal regions showed notable disparities of SDA and evolutionary processes, due to a differing resource base, environmental carrying capacity, and socio-economic development. Different limiting factors should determine regional policies for enhancing the SDA process; the key to sustainable development of HOS is achieving a balance between the exploitation of ocean resources for socio-economic development and conserving ecosystem services that are critical to wellbeing and livelihoods.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 12
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    Periodic Switched Control of Dual-Rate Sampled-Data Systems (2015)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-16
    Description: This paper is concerned with the periodic switched control of a linear dual-rate sampled-data system. The state variables of the continuous-time plant are sampled by two types of sensors. The ratio of two sampling rates is assumed to be a rational number. Depending on whether the sampled-data of state variables at two sampling rates is available simultaneously or separately, a periodic switched controller is constructed. Applying an input delay approach, the closed-loop system is modeled as a switched system with subsystems having different input delays. Some delay-dependent criteria for the performance of the switched system and the existence of the switched controller are derived by employing a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional that includes information about two sampling periods. The dual-rate sampled-data control of a vehicle dynamic system is given to show that the proposed method is effective and it can achieve a better control performance than the single-rate design method.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Electronic ISSN: 1563-5147
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 13
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    IJERPH, Vol. 12, Pages 12628-12642: Hepatic and Nephric NRF2 Pathway Up-Regulation, an Early Antioxidant Response, in Acute Arsenic-Exposed Mice (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-13
    Description: Inorganic arsenic (iAs), a proven human carcinogen, damages biological systems through multiple mechanisms, one of them being reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. NRF2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that positively regulates the genes of encoding antioxidant and detoxification enzymes to neutralize ROS. Although NRF2 pathway activation by iAs has been reported in various cell types, however, the experimental data in vivo are very limited and not fully elucidated in humans. The present investigation aimed to explore the hepatic and nephric NRF2 pathway upregulation in acute arsenic-exposed mice in vivo. Our results showed 10 mg/kg NaAsO2 elevated the NRF2 protein and increased the transcription of Nrf2 mRNA, as well as up-regulated NRF2 downstream targets HO-1, GST and GCLC time- and dose-dependently both in the liver and kidney. Acute NaAsO2 exposure also resulted in obvious imbalance of oxidative redox status represented by the increase of GSH and MDA, and the decrease of T-AOC. The present investigation reveals that hepatic and nephric NRF2 pathway expression is an early antioxidant defensive response upon iAs exposure. A better knowledge about the NRF2 pathway involvment in the cellular response against arsenic could help improve the strategies for reducing the cellular toxicity related to this metalloid.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 14
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    Sensors, Vol. 16, Pages 875: Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Reflective Terahertz Imaging (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: Terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) imaging is considered a nondestructive evaluation method for composite materials used for examining various defects of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and fire-retardant coatings in the reflective imaging modality. We demonstrate that hidden defects simulated by Teflon artificial inserts are imaged clearly in the perpendicular polarization mode. The THz TDS technique is also used to measure the thickness of thin fire-retardant coatings on CFRP composites with a typical accuracy of about 10 micrometers. In addition, coating debonding is successfully imaged based on the time-delay difference of the time-domain waveforms between closely adhered and debonded sample locations.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 15
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    Energies, Vol. 9, Pages 443: High Stable, Transparent and Conductive ZnO/Ag/ZnO Nanofilm Electrodes on Rigid/Flexible Substrates (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-09
    Description: Here, highly transparent, conductive, and stable ZnO/Ag/ZnO electrodes on transparent rigid glass and flexible substrates were prepared by facile, room-temperature magnetron sputtering, in which the continuous Ag layers were obtained by means of oxidization-induced effect under an Ar atmosphere with tiny amounts of O2. The results showed an appropriate amount of O2 was beneficial to form continuous Ag films because of the adsorption of oxygen between the ZnO and Ag layers. When the concentration of O2 in the Ar atmosphere was 2.0%–3.0%, ZnO (40 nm)/Ag (10 nm)/ZnO (40 nm) films on rigid glass showed visible-range transmittance of 94.8% and sheet resistance of 8.58 Ω·sq−1, while the corresponding data on flexible PET substrates were 95.9% and 8.11 Ω·sq−1, respectively. In addition, the outstanding electrodes remained stable for more than six months under air conditioned conditions. The electrodes are fully functional as universal rigid/flexible electrodes for high-performance electronic applications.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 16
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    X-Ray Pulsar Profile Recovery Based on Tracking-Differentiator (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-01
    Description: The profile recovery is an important work in X-ray pulsar-based navigation. It is a key step for the analysis on the pulsar signal’s characteristic and the computing of time of arrival (TOA). This paper makes an argument for an algorithm based on the tracking-differentiator (TD) to recover the profile from the low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) signals. In the method, a TD filter with cascade structure is designed which has very low phase delay and amplitude distortion. In the simulation experiment, two typical pulsars (PSR B0531+21 and PSR B1937+21) are used to verify the algorithm’s performance. The simulation results show that the method satisfies the application requirements in the aspects of SNR and profile fidelity. By processing the data collected by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite in space, similar results can also be achieved.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Electronic ISSN: 1563-5147
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 17
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    A Novel Strong Tracking Fault Prognosis Algorithm (2015)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: Improving the ability to track abruptly changing states and resolving the degeneracy are two difficult problems to particle filter applied to fault prognosis. In this paper, a novel strong tracking fault prognosis algorithm is proposed to settle the above problems. In the proposed algorithm, the artificial immunity algorithm is first introduced to resolve the degeneracy problem, and then the strong tracking filter is introduced to enhance the ability to track abruptly changing states. The particles are updated by strong tracking filter, and better particles are selected by utilizing the artificial immune algorithm to estimate states. As a result, the degeneracy problem is resolved and the accuracy of the proposed fault prognosis algorithm is improved accordingly. The feasibility and validity of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated by the simulation results of the standard validation model and the DTS200 system.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Electronic ISSN: 1563-5147
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 18
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    Sensors, Vol. 15, Pages 3023-3040: Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Insulator Contaminations Revealed by Daily Observations of Equivalent Salt Deposit Density (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-30
    Description: The accurate estimation of deposits adhering on insulators is of great significance to prevent pollution flashovers which cause huge costs worldwide. Researchers have developed sensors using different technologies to monitor insulator contamination on a fine time scale. However, there is lack of analysis of these data to reveal spatial and temporal characteristics of insulator contamination, and as a result the scheduling of periodical maintenance of power facilities is highly dependent on personal experience. Owing to the deployment of novel sensors, daily Equivalent Salt Deposit Density (ESDD) observations of over two years were collected and analyzed for the first time. Results from 16 sites distributed in four regions of Hubei demonstrated that spatial heterogeneity can be seen at both the fine and coarse geographical scales, suggesting that current polluted area maps are necessary but are not sufficient conditions to guide the maintenance of power facilities. Both the local emission and the regional air pollution condition exert evident influences on deposit accumulation. A relationship between ESDD and PM10 was revealed by using regression analysis, proving that air pollution exerts influence on pollution accumulations on insulators. Moreover, the seasonality of ESDD was discovered for the first time by means of time series analysis, which could help engineers select appropriate times to clean the contamination. Besides, the trend component shows that the ESDD increases in a negative exponential fashion with the accumulation date (ESDD = a − b × exp(−time)) at a long time scale in real environments.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 19
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    Cascading Failures in Weighted Complex Networks of Transit Systems Based on Coupled Map Lattices (2015)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-16
    Description: Study on the vulnerability and robustness of urban public transit networks (PTNs) has great implications for PTNs planning and emergency management, particularly considering passengers’ dynamic behaviors. We made a complex weighted network analysis based on passenger flow for Beijing’s bus stop network and multimodal transit network coupled with bus and urban rail systems. The analysis shows that there are small-world or scale-free properties in these two networks, which make them display different robustness under link or node failures. With consideration of the dynamic flow redistribution, we propose a model based on coupled map lattices to analyze the cascading failures of these two weighted networks. We find that the dynamic flow redistribution can significantly improve the tolerance of small-world or scale-free PTN against random faults. Because of the coupling of bus and rail systems, the multimodal network with scale-free topology and flow distribution structures displays an increasing tolerance even against intentional attack; however, its cascade is also much more intense once the failure is triggered. We find some thresholds of topological and flow coupling strength in the spreading process, which can be exploited to develop strategies to control cascade failures.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Electronic ISSN: 1563-5147
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 20
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    Stochastic ℋ∞ Finite-Time Control of Discrete-Time Systems with Packet Loss (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-15
    Description: This paper investigates the stochastic finite-time stabilization and ℋ∞ control problem for one family of linear discrete-time systems over networks with packet loss, parametric uncertainties, and time-varying norm-bounded disturbance. Firstly, the dynamic model description studied is given, which, if the packet dropout is assumed to be a discrete-time homogenous Markov process, the class of discrete-time linear systems with packet loss can be regarded as Markovian jump systems. Based on Lyapunov function approach, sufficient conditions are established for the resulting closed-loop discrete-time system with Markovian jumps to be stochastic ℋ∞ finite-time boundedness and then state feedback controllers are designed to guarantee stochastic ℋ∞ finite-time stabilization of the class of stochastic systems. The stochastic ℋ∞ finite-time boundedness criteria can be tackled in the form of linear matrix inequalities with a fixed parameter. As an auxiliary result, we also give sufficient conditions on the robust stochastic stabilization of the class of linear systems with packet loss. Finally, simulation examples are presented to illustrate the validity of the developed scheme.
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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